18 



associations, least or not at all various deciduous trees with light foliage, 

 as the oak. 



Silkcborg forest is an example of this. The old Jutlandic oak 

 woods on the sandy soil, which have still been able to withstand the 

 immigration of the heath, have preserved the muld character of the 

 soil for thousands of years, for they must be considered as Ihe direct 

 descendants of the extensive oak woods of the post-glacial period before 

 the late immigration of the beech. Even in historical times the woods 

 at Silkeborg have been such oak woods with muld soil, into which the 

 beech has immigrated. Now the oak has quite disappeared as a plant- 

 association from these woods, and the chief natural tree is the beech, 

 which in its ascendency has transformed the muld of the soil to 

 mor and thus produced a condition in the humous ground, which 

 will probably no longer permit the beech wood to renew itself without 

 the interference of man. 



P. E. Muller. 



5. Viemose Forest. 



The ground is stiff, usually brownish clay with good mould. The 

 wood consists mostly of oaks (Quercus robur), with a few beeches. 

 It is an old cultivated forest, where the oak has long been grown to 

 obtain timber for shipbuilding and other use. The undergrowth is 

 formed of hazel (Corylus avellana), often changed with beech or elm 

 (Ulmus glabra), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and ash. Other shrubs 

 are: Crataegus, Cornus sanguinea, Evonymus europaeus, Rhamnus fran- 

 gula, Viburnum Opulus, Rubus idaeus. On the good ground in the light 

 and sheltered surroundings we have a luxuriant vegetation of woodland 

 plants, such as Anemone, Primula, Stellaria nemorum, Actaea, Arum, 

 Paris, Galeobdolon, Asperula, various Orchidacece and others. 



Eug. W. 



6. Meens Klint (Chalk cliffs of M0en). 



The Island of M e n lies to the south of Sealand, separated by 

 sounds from the latter and the island of Falster; its other coasts are 

 washed by the open Baltic. The easternmost part of Moen, H0je 

 M0en, forms a part by itself, separated from the remainder by a north 

 to south depression, Borre Mose and Bussemark Mose, both 

 of which lie only 1 3 m. above the sea. This depression now consists 



