The moraine-flats have been developed beneath the ice at some 

 distance from the edge where it still was so thick and moved so quickly 

 that it eroded the underlayer. The moraine-flats form broad depres- 

 sions surrounded by hill-land. The greater part of the material de- 

 posited in the hill-land has been removed from the depression, and the 

 relatively thin deposits of till and sand which now compose the sur- 

 face of the flats have doubtless been formed at the final melting of 

 the ice. 



The dotted lines of the map Fig. 1 show in Jutland where 

 the margin of the ice remained stationary in position for a considerable 

 period of time. The thick dotted line indicates (after N. V. Ussing) 

 that position of the ice-edge which has been of greatest importance 

 for the development of the topographical features of Jutland. The 

 dotted areas west of the line are the large heath-plains surrounding 

 the hill-islands, which are parts of hill-land, formed during the pre- 

 ceding ice-invasion, and whose topography has become less rough dur- 

 ing the long epoch which has elapsed since its formation. East of 

 the thick dotted line is the hill-land of the last ice-invasion with its 

 still fresh and rough topography. 



The present water-courses of Denmark are rather insignificant, but 

 in the Ice Age this was not the case. Then the precipitation of exten- 

 sive regions in Scandinavia was brought to Denmark in the shape of 

 ice, and the melting ice formed large rivers which eroded con- 

 siderable river-valleys in the countries in front of the ice-edge (e. g. 

 the valley of Gudenaa). To another valley-type belong the fjord- 

 valleys . In contradistinction to common valleys they are distinguished 

 by having an uneven bottom and forming a series of connected depres- 

 sions. Where the sea penetrates into a fjord-valley a long narrow and 

 deep fjord is formed; where the sea has no admittance we often have 

 elongated lakes where the bottom may be lower than the surface of 

 the sea. The longest of these fjord-valleys reach from the Kattegat 

 to the eastern border of the heath-plains (sketched on Fig. l). Such 

 a valley extends from Aarhus through Brabrandse (so = lake), Ravns0. 

 Knudse, Julse, Borres0, and Thorso in the environs of Silkeborg. These 

 valleys have been used by the subglacial streams, which deposited the 

 heath-plains, when they escaped from the ice. Some of the lakes in 

 these valleys owe their existence to ice-masses, which were detached 

 from the main ice during its recession and buried by deposits of sand; 

 later when the buried ice-blocks melted, depressions marking their site 

 resulted and these are now filled by lakes. 



After the ice had finally left Denmark, the climate continued to 

 be cold for a long time. Considerable masses of clay were washed 

 down into the depressions and formed deposits of Dryas-clay. The 

 interesting discovery has been made, that a climatic oscillation took 

 place during the formation of the Dryas-clay. In several localities a 



