28 TREE GROWTH IN RELATION TO 



4. Elm, alder, Austrian pine. 

 Moderate shade -bearers. 



5. Lime, Weymouth pine, Norway maple, sycamore, 

 hazel, Douglas fir, spruce, Sitka spruce. 



Shade- bearers. 



6. Hornbeam, red cedar. 



7. Silver fir. 



8. Beech. 



In a general way it may be said that the light- demanders 

 will bear no shade at all, and must be planted fully in the 

 open, except that when coppiced the broad-leaved light- 

 demanders will usually bear a light shade thrown by an over- 

 wood of seedling light-demanders. The shade-bearers may 

 usually be planted under a cover of light-demanders, which 

 only shade the ground slightly, especially if the leaf-canopy 

 is at some height above the ground. 



The actual amount of shade which any species will stand 

 must be learnt by experience not a difficult matter if the 

 woodman keeps his eyes open while walking through the 

 woods. When planting under the cover of existing woods the 

 foregoing list must be borne in mind. Under a cover at all 

 dense silver fir, beech, or hornbeam must be chosen. In the 

 openings where there is no direct overhead cover but some 

 side shade, spruce, Douglas fir, Weymouth pine, and sycamore 

 will probably succeed. 



It must be understood that all the shade-bearers will grow 

 much faster in the light, but they will remain alive and grow, 

 more or less slowly, under cover, and when at any future time 

 they obtain more light they will then shoot up and fill up any 

 blanks in the leaf-canopy. 



In early youth beech and silver fir might be termed shade- 

 demanding, as they must have shelter, being frost-tender 

 species. Ash and sycamore seedlings will also bear heavy 

 shade for the first four or five years. 



This question of light and shade has not been properly 



