iv TROPICAL FLORAS 65 



to examine thoroughly than a continuous forest, which, 

 though actually richer, calls for a much longer period of 

 exploration before all its riches can be discovered. But 

 though the country is so open, with trees and shrubs spread 

 over it in a park-like manner, Mr. Warming tells us that 

 trees of the same species are so widely scattered that it is 

 sometimes difficult to find two of the same kind. Another 

 interesting fact is, that the number of species of all kinds 

 trees, shrubs, and herbs is twice as great in the patches of 

 forest as in the open campos, while the two are so distinct 

 that he believes them to have hardly a species in common. 



Through the kindness of Professor Warming I am able 

 to reproduce here a few of his characteristic drawings and 

 photographs, with descriptions furnished by himself. These 

 offer a striking contrast to the photographs of typical 

 Malayan vegetation at pp. 46 and 47. 



As shown in the view opposite (Fig. 3) the vegetation 

 covering the hills is what is termed " campos limpos," 

 consisting of grasses and herbs with small shrubs, but 

 with few trees scattered in the grass-land. These trees are 

 low, the stems and branches tortuous or twisted. In 

 the valleys where the soil is richer in humus and always 

 moist, there is thick forest. The soil in all the campos is red 

 clay. In the distance is seen the smoke of fires on the 

 campos. In the foreground is a " campo cerrado," i.e. a 

 campo with many trees, but never so close that the sun does 

 not shine on the dense carpet of high grasses and herbs under 

 the trees ; which latter belong mostly to the Leguminosae, 

 Ternstromiaceae, Vochysiaceae, Anonaceas, Bignoniaceae, etc. 



Fig. 4 (overleaf) shows the stunted form of the trees 

 which characterise the " Campo cerrado." In the back- 

 ground are calcareous cliffs, in which are the fossil- 

 producing caves. At the foot of the cliffs the trees are 

 closer and higher ; and on the top is a more open and 

 dry forest, each kind of forest having its peculiar species of 

 trees. 



Fig. 5 (facing p. 66) is a view taken close to the rocks. 

 The upper branches of Mimosas and other trees are shown, 

 which grow at the foot of the cliffs, one of them being a 

 tree of the custard-apple family, whose branches are fruit- 



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