396 NORTHERN EUROPE 



Natterer's bat is also found in these countries. Farther north, m central 



Sweden and Finland, the whiskered bat and Daubenton's bat have been 



observed, while the long-eared bat has been seen up to 60° N. latitude. The bar- 



bastelle, representing yet another group, ranges into Sweden, while the other 



central European species extend but little north of the German frontier, even if 



they go so far. 



Nightingale, Among north European birds there are many which breed 



etc - only in central Europe, just as many central European birds do not 



range far north. The nightingale, for instance, appears only occasionally in 



southern Sweden, but its near relative, the northern nightingale, is more often 



found there, although really indigenous to the south-east of Europe. The typical 



blue-throat again is replaced in northern Scandinavia and northern Russia by 



the Arctic blue-throat, which extends over a larger part of northern Asia. The 



redbreast is found up to the Arctic Circle, and the redstart to the Arctic Ocean, but 



the Mack redstart ranges no farther north than southern Sweden. Of the two 



central European chats, we rind the whinchat up to 67° N. latitude, and the stonechat 



in the latitudes of southern Sweden, while the wheatear nests in the far north. 



The water-ousel is replaced by Cinclus melanogaster in Norway, northern Russia, 



and the corresponding latitudes of Asia and America, which in Germany is only 



a winter visitor. 



The song-thrush is distributed all over Europe except in the far 

 Kedwing. . ... 



north, but in higher latitudes we meet its relative the redwing 



(Turdus iliacus), which has been observed breeding in solitary places in the Allgau 

 Alps and the environs of Memel. This bird is the smallest of the European thrushes, 

 and inhabits as a breeding-area the north of the Old World to the far east, and in 

 Asia appears in the north-western Himalaya and still farther south. England is the 

 only northern country of Europe in which it occasionally winters, though it gener- 

 ally does so in southern Europe, unless it continues its migration to North Africa, 

 When migrating, it travels in large flocks, frequenting the edges of forests with 

 plenty of berry -bearing bushes ; in habits it resembles the song-thrush, living on 

 similar food, and singing softly and sweetly in almost every variety of chatter, 

 twitter, and whistle. The redwing, which measures about 8 inches in length, 

 is spotted all over, being olive-bi - own above and huffish below, with a broad 

 white stripe over the eye, a golden-buff spot on the sides of its neck, and nil 

 flanks. 



The missel-thrush is also indigenous to northern Europe as a 



Ring Ousel. . D x 



breeding bird. The blackbird breeds up to the northern boundary 

 of tree-growth, while the ring-ousel (Turdus torquatus) not only lives in the 

 north, but also in the Alps and other southern mountains, where, however, it is 

 represented by a local race, the Alpine ring-ousel. Considering both these as one 

 species, the breeding-area of the ring-ousel will include the higher mountains of 

 Europe from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus and Ural Mountains, and extends from 

 the Transylvanian, Austrian, and Bavarian Mountains to those of Scandinavia. 

 In Germany, where these ousels are found in the Silesian and Hartz Mountains, the 

 Thuringian and Black Forests, and elsewhere, they generally prefer the higher 

 mountains, ranging as high as food is procurable. Before the middle of September 



