LANGURS AND MACAQUE MONKEYS 149 



Gujarat and Kathiawar, but its extreme limits are not as yet ascertained. This is 

 all the more remarkable since the hanuman is one of the best-known animals of 

 India, being protected everywhere, not fearing man, and found as frequently in 

 villages as in the depths of the primeval forest. Far away from villages the 

 hanuman lives on trees, the banks of rivers or tanks, and on rocky hills, but never 

 very far from water. It is very brisk in its movements, and leaps with astonishing 

 sureness from branch to branch, often jumping from 20 to 30, or even 40, feet 

 to the ground. Old males are sometimes seen alone, but, as a rule, hanumans 

 associate in smaller or larger parties, composed of individuals of both sexes and of 

 all ages. The females carry their young clinging to their bodies, and while the young 

 are very small may temporarily keep apart from the rest of the troop, although 

 they can hardly be said to form separate parties. It is distinguished from others of 

 its kindred by the circumstance that the female, though generally giving birth to 

 only one young at a time, sometimes has twins. 



Himalayan The Himalayan langur (S. schistaceus) inhabits the area extend- 



Langur. j n g through Kashmir and the greater part of the Himalaya as far as 

 Bhutan. It has long hair, which on the head radiates like that of the hanuman, 

 but the ears are smaller and covered by the long hair of the cheeks, and the 

 tail has a thin but distinct tuft. The colour of the back, tail, and the outsides of 

 its limbs is greyish brown or dark slaty grey, with a slight tinge of purple, the 

 head and lower-parts being whitish. Like the hanuman, the face, ears, palms, and 

 soles are black. Except that it lives in a cooler climate and is larger, the Hima- 

 layan langur differs little from the hanuman in habits, although it may often be 

 seen leaping among the snow-clad branches of the Himalayan deodar-forests. 



„ In the Nilgiri langur (S. johni), which ranges from the Nilgiris 



Nilgin Langur, etc. . ° x ^ ' ~ ° 



to Cape Comorin, the head and body measure 26 inches in length, and 

 the tail 30 inches, but the females are smaller. In colour this species is glossy black 

 or brownish black, the head being yellowish brown, and the lower part of the back 

 and root of the tail ashy grey. This langur, which lives in small troops of from 

 five to ten, is oftener killed than most Indian monkeys on account of the beauty of 

 its fur and the flavour of its flesh, which is said to be eaten by some of the natives. 

 Consequently it is shy and cautious, though very noisy. The ursine langur (S. 

 ursinus), which inhabits the mountains of Ceylon, is distinguished by its very long 

 hair (often 4 or 5 inches in length on the sides), and is greyish brown in colour. 

 This monkey is generally found in large troops, jumping from tree to tree, and 

 uttering a short howl when alarmed. A second species (S. senex) also inhabits 

 the mountains in the south of Ceylon. 



Macaque Of the macaque monkeys the best-known in northern India is 



Monkeys. the bandar or Bengal macaque (Macacus rhesus), the males of which 

 attain a length of about 22 inches, with a 10-inch tail, while the females are much 

 smaller. In colour it is principally light greyish brown, varied with dark brown 

 or rufous, the under-parts being yellowish. Its range extends from the Himalaya 

 to the Godaveri and from Kashmir to Burma. This monkey, which has been 

 found at an elevation of 10,000 feet in Kashmir, generally lives in large troops, 

 and has little fear of man, being occasionally found in villages. It seeks its food 

 on the ground, eating spiders and all kinds of insects, and also fruit and seeds. 



