PANGOLINS— GRO UND-THR USHES— BABBLERS 18 1 



of the tail, which measures about 10 inches. Its range extends from Chittagong, 

 Tippera, and the Khasi Hills to Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. 



The Malay pangolin (Manis javanica), one of two representatives 

 in this area of the Edentata, ranges from Sjdhet and Tippera 

 through Burma, Cochin China, Cambodia, and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, 

 Java, Borneo, and Celebes. This species, which attains a length of 24 inches, with 

 a tail of about 20 inches, is larger than its two Asiatic relatives, from which it 

 also differs by its more slender shape, as well as by the much greater relative 

 length of the hind claws, which are nearly as long as those of the fore-feet. 



The Chinese pangolin (31. aurita), which ranges from southern China, Hainan, 

 Formosa, the Kareen Mountains, and the district north of Bhamo to Assam and 

 the Himalaya as far west as Nepal, is distinguished from its Indian relative by 

 its much larger scales, darker colour, and larger ears. It has, moreover, many 

 more hairs between the scales than the other Asiatic species. Its length is from 

 19 to 23 inches, the tail measuring from 13 to 15 inches more. 



Ground- Many of the more noteworthy birds of the Malay countries have 



Thrushes. an extensive geographical range, the numerous species of ground- 

 thrushes, for instance, ranging over India, central Asia, and Australia. These 

 birds resemble ordinary thrushes in many respects, but differ by the colours of the 

 axillaries and the pattern formed by the white bases of the quills on the under- 

 side of the wing. The orange-headed ground-thrush (Geocichla citrina), a bird 

 about the equal in size of the song-thrush, breeds throughout the area lying 

 between the extreme east of Assam and Tenasserim. Here it is found in large 

 numbers all the year round, and in summer it ascends in the Himalaya up to 

 heights of 5000 or 6000 feet, whence it ranges occasionally into Ceylon and the 

 Malay Peninsula as far south as Tongkah. The Malay ground-thrush (G. innotata), 

 which differs in being without the white tips to the medium wing-coverts, is a more 

 southerly species, ranging from Tenasserim to Malacca. 



Babbling Another group is represented by the babbling thrushes, many 



Thrushes, species of which are common to India and the Malay countries. 

 Babblers, etc. Among ^ e m0 st striking is the Himalayan white-crested species 

 (Garrulax leucolophus), which ranges to Bhamo and eastern Assam. Nearly 

 allied is the white-crested Burmese G. bela/ngeri, chiefly inhabiting Tenasserim and 

 Pegu. A third member of the white-crested group, the Siamese G. diardi, ranges 

 over Siam and Cambodia, while the black-gorgetted G. pectoralis and the necklaced 

 G. moniliger both range from the Himalaya to Burma. Closely related are the 

 babblers, of which there are numerous representatives in the area under considera- 

 tion, while some are found in India and Africa. To another branch of the same 

 family (Timeliidce) belong the hill-tits, all of which are arboreal in their 

 habits, and have the two sexes dissimilar in plumage. Among them, the red- 

 beaked Liothrix lutea is an inhabitant of upper Burma and Aracan, but its habitat 

 extends into southern China, across the Khasi Hills, and along the Himalaya from 

 Bhutan to Simla. In size this hill-tit is a little larger than the coal-tit ; in colour 

 it is olive-green above and yellow below, with an orange-coloured throat and chin, 

 a yellow ring round the eye, and yellow or crimson edges to the wing-feathers. 



