336 Wonders of the Bird World 



To return to our Common Swallow, we find that its 

 winter range extends to the Indian Peninsula, but the birds 

 which migrate thither during the cold season are probably 

 those which breed in Central Asia and go due south on 

 migration, for there is no east and west migration in the 

 species, and the birds which nest in Europe would not 

 turn eastwards for their winter home. Further east there 

 is a close ally of our Common Swallow, known as Hirando 

 gutturalis, which differs in having the black band on the 

 fore-neck incomplete. In every other respect it resembles 

 H. rustics and like the latter species, it migrates south in 

 winter from its breeding-places in Siberia, Northern China, 

 and Japan. Proceeding directly southwards, it has been 

 found in winter in the eastern portion of the India Pen- 

 insula, the Burmese provinces, and thence south through 

 the Malayan Archipelago to Northern Australia. Thus 

 this Eastern representative of our Common Swallow 

 teaches us that in the far East there is going on the same 

 migration as in the West, and there we can perceive three 

 main routes. One extends along the coast of China 

 directly south to the Malayan Archipelago, especially to 

 Borneo and Celebes. By this route journey many 

 Warblers, such as the Eastern Reed Warbler {Acroce- 

 phalus orientalis) and Pallas' Grasshopper Warbler (Locus- 

 tella certhiold), besides tropical forms like Swinhoe's Ant- 

 thrush {Pitta oreas). On the other hand, a stream of 

 migration seems to extend to Formosa and the Philippines, 

 of which such species as White's Thrush {OreocicJda varici) 

 and the Ruby-throated Robin {Calliope camchatkensis) are 

 examples ; while a third migration-route apparently trends 

 towards the Burmese countries. This may probably prove 

 to be an overland one, judging from Ty tier's Swallow, 

 which nests in Kamtchatka, and winters in Burma, while 

 Haughton's Tattler (Pseudototanus guttifer) and the Spoon- 

 billed Sandpiper {Eurhynorhynchus pygmaus) also visit the 



