UNITIES OF LIFE 



there is a striking parallelism of development between 

 the two chief groups of the histona. At the lower stages 

 of stock-formation there is equality of the social histonals. 

 But in the higher grades they become unequally develop- 

 ed in the division of labor; and the greater the differences 

 between them become, the greater is the centralization of 

 the whole stock (as in the case of the siphonophora). 

 We may therefore distinguish two principal forms of 

 stocks — the homonomous and heteronomous, the one 

 without, and the other with, division of labor among 

 the histonals. 



The history of civilization teaches us that its gradual 

 evolution is bound up with three different processes: 

 (i) Association of individuals in a community; (2) 

 division of labor (ergonomy) among the social elements, 

 and a consequent differentiation of structure (poly- 

 morphism); (3) centralization or integration of the 

 unified whole, or rigid organization of the community. 

 The same fundamental laws of sociology hold good for 

 association throughout the entire organic world; and 

 also for the gradual evolution of the several organs out 

 of the tissues and cell-communities. The formation 

 of human societies is directly connected with the 

 gregariousness of the nearest related mammals. The 

 herds of apes and ungulates, the packs of wolves, the 

 flocks of birds, often controlled by a single leader, 

 exhibit various stages of social formation; as also the 

 swarms of the higher articulates (insects, Crustacea), 

 especially communities of ants and termites, swarms of 

 bees, etc. These organized communities of free individ- 

 uals are distinguished from the stationary colonies ot 

 the lower animals chiefly by the circumstance that the 

 social elements are not bodily connected, but held 

 together by the ideal link of common interest. 



