IX 



MONERA 



The simplest forms of life — Cell theory and cell dogma — Precellu- 

 lar organisms: monera, cytodes, and cells — Actual monera 

 — Chromacea (cyanophyceae) — Chromatophora — Coenobia 

 of chromacea: vital phenomena — Bacteria — Relations of 

 the bacteria to the chromacea, the fungi, and the pro- 

 tozoa — Rhizomonera (protamoeba, protogenes, protomyxa, 

 bathybius) — Problematic monera — Phytomonera (plasmo- 

 doma) and zoomonera (plasmophaga) — Transition between 

 the two classes. 



IN the study and explanation of all complex phenom- 

 ena the first thing to do is to understand the simple 

 parts, the manner of their combination, and the develop- 

 ment of the compound from the simple. This principle 

 applies generally to inorganic objects, such as minerals, 

 artificially constructed machines, etc. It is also of gen- 

 eral application in biological work. The efforts of com- 

 parative anatomy are directed to the comprehension of 

 the intricate structure of the higher organisms from the 

 rising scale of organization and life in the lower, and 

 the origin of the former by historical development from 

 the latter. The modern science of the cell (cytology), 

 which has in a short time attained a considerable rank, 

 pursues a method in opposition to this principle. The 

 intricate composition of the unicellular organism, in 

 many of the higher protists (such as the ciliata and 

 infusoria) and many of the higher tissue-cells (such as 

 the neurona) has led to the erroneous ascription of a 



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