XIV 



MENTAL LIFE 



Mind and soul — Intelligence and reason — Pure reason — Kant's 

 dualism — Anthropology — Anthropogeny — Embryology of 

 the mind — Mind of the embryo — The canonical mind — 

 Legal rights of the embryo — Phylogeny of the mind — 

 Paleontology of the mind — Psyche and phronema — 

 Mental energy — Diseases of the mind — Mental powers — 

 Conscious and unconscious mental life — Monistic and 

 dualistic theory — Mental life of the mammals, of savages, 

 and of civilized and educated people. 



THE greatest and most commanding of all the 

 wonders of life is unquestionably the mind of man. 

 That function of the human organism, to which we give 

 the name of "mind," is not only the chief source of all 

 the higher enjoyment of life for ourselves, but it is also 

 the power that most effectually separates man from the 

 brute according to conventional beliefs. Hence it is 

 supremely important for our biological philosophy to 

 devote a few careful pages to the study of its nature, its 

 origin and development, and its relation to the body. 



At the very outset of our psychological inquiry we are 

 met by the difficulty of giving a clear definition of 

 "mind," and distinguishing it from "soul." Both ideas 

 are extremely ambiguous: their content and connotation 

 are described in the most various ways by the represent- 

 atives of science. Generally speaking, we mean by mind 

 that part of the life of the soul which is connected with 

 consciousness and thought, and is, therefore, only found 

 in the higher animals which have intelligence and reason. 



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