XIX 



DUALISM 



Dualistic systems of Kant I. and Kant II. — His antinomies — 

 Cosmolotncal flualism — The two worlds — The world of Imdies 

 and the world of spirits — Truth and fiction — Goethe and 

 Schiller — Realism and idealism — Ami- Kant — Law of sub- 

 stance — Attributes of substance — Sensation and cnerjjy — 

 Passive and active energy — Trinity of substance: matter 

 force, and sensation — Constancy f)f sensation — Psyche and 

 physics — Reconciliation of principles. 



THE history of j)hilosophy shows how tbe mind of 

 man has pressed along many patbs during the last 

 two thousand years in ])ursuit of truth. Hut, however 

 varied are the systems in which its efforts have found 

 embodiment, we may, from a general i)oint of view, ar- 

 range them all in two conflicting series— monism, or the 

 philosophy of unity; and dualism, or the philosophy 

 of the dualitv of existence. Lucretius and Spinoza are 

 distinguisliod and typical rcj^resentatives of monism: 

 Plato and Descartes the great leaders of dualism. Hut 

 besides the consistent thinkers of each school there are 

 a number of philosophers who vacillate between the two, 

 or who have held both views at different periods of life. 

 Such contradictions represent a personal dualism on the 

 part of the individual thinker. Immanuel Kant is one 

 of the most famous instances of this class; and as his 

 critical philosophy has had a profound influence, and I 

 was compelled to contrast my chief conclusions with 

 those of Kant, I must once more deal briefly with his 

 38 43.^ 



