M O N I S i\I 



organism, and has been gradually developed like all 

 other functions, has been established. The comparative 

 psychology of the higher animals showed that in various 

 classes the thoughts, feelings, and desires of the gre- 

 garious animals are communicated partly by signs or 

 touch, partly by sounds (the chirrup of the cricket, the 

 cry of the frog, the whistle of many reptiles, song of 

 birds and singing-apes, roaring of carnivora and un- 

 gulates, etc.). The ontogeny of speech showed that 

 its gradual development in the child is (in accordance 

 with the biogenetic law) a recapitulation of its phylo- 

 genetic process. Comparative philology taught that the 

 languages of the different races have been formed poly- 

 phyletically, or independently of each other. The ex- 

 perimental physiology and pathology of the l)rain show- 

 ed that a definite small region of the cortex (the Broca 

 fissure) is the centre of speech, and that this central 

 organ, in conjunction with other parts of the phronema 

 and the larynx (the peripheral organ), produces articu- 

 late speech. 



Historical science is, like philology or psychology'", 

 still conceived in diflferent senses by experts. Ver}- often 

 history is wrongly taken to mean the record of events 

 that have occurred in the course of the development of 

 civilized life — the history of peoples and states (humor- 

 ously described as "the history of the world"), of civili- 

 zation, of morals, etc. This is merely an anthropo- 

 centric feeling that in the strictly scientific sense "his- 

 tory" can only be used for the record of man's doings. 

 In this sense history is opposed to nature, the one deal- 

 ing with the province of morally free phenomena (with 

 preconceived aim), and the other comprising the prov- 

 ince of natural law (without preconceived aim). As if 

 there were no "natural history," or as if cosmogony, 

 geology, ontogeny, and phylogeny were not historical 

 sciences! Although this dualistic and anthropistic view 



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