122 ON SEEDLINGS 



wards, balloon-fashion, in their efforts to unfold to the light. 

 As they elongate they become twisted, turning their upper side 

 to the light, until they finally escape from the dried-up testa, 

 and the membranous, skin-like, used-up endosperm ; they often 

 remain twisted for a short time after they are quite free, but 

 finally assume a spreading or ascending position, with the 

 segments about as long as the undivided portion and diverging 

 like the prongs of a hay-fork. The lobes by narrowing the 

 cotyledons would seem to facilitate twisting in order to escape 

 from the seed. E. tenuifolia, with a smaller embryo and 

 narrower but undivided cotyledons, is otherwise similar to 

 E. californica, and germinates in a similar way. 



Papaver villosum, SiL, var. Heldreichii (fig. 145). 

 Hypocotyl subterranean or 1-2 mm. exposed. 

 Cotyledons oblong-linear, obtuse, glabrous. 

 Leaves simple, radical, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate. 



No. 1. Lamina rotund-ovate, obtuse, 

 entire, glabrous ; petiole flattened or slightly 

 channelled above, glabrous, subglaucous. 

 No. 2. Similar, but larger. 

 No. 3. Lamina rotund-elliptic, obtuse, 

 with a shallow tooth on each side near the 

 apex, obscurely penninerved and reticulate, 

 FIG. 145. Papaver villo- glabrous or sparsely pilose. 

 SUm ' ^i.s ld cMi ' No. 4. Lamina ovate, obtuse, crenate, 



cuneate at the base. 



The cotyledons in P. caucasicum and P. orientale resemble 

 those of P. villosum. In P. spicatum they are slightly broader in 

 the middle. 



Papaver orientale, L., var. major. 



Primary root nearly perpendicular, unbranched, colourless. 



Hypocotyl terete, glabrous, slender, light greyish-green, 1 cm. 

 long, '75 mm. thick. 



Cotyledons sessile, linear-lanceolate, obtuse at apex, entire with 

 distinct midrib, thin, glabrous, light greyish-green, 1 cm. long, 

 2-2-5 mm. broad. 



Stem elongated when about to flower. 



Leaves as in preceding, but petiolate or sessile, alternately 

 penninerved, more or less coarsely hairy in the adult state, with 



