ROSACES 477 



valves. When greatly enlarged, as in Fragaria, Rubus, Rosa, 

 some species of Potentilla and others, the carpels are numerous 

 and small. In drupaceous and pomaceous fruits the endocarp 

 is bony or woody, crustaceous or cartilaginous. 



The seed is erect or pendulous in accordance with the 

 ovule, with a membranous or coriaceous testa, occasionally 

 winged. Endosperm is wanting in most cases, but not in all. 

 The embryo is almost absolutely straight, with fleshy plano- 

 convex cotyledons, resembling the almond, though in most 

 cases very small. Rarely are the cotyledons large and folia- 

 ceous. The micropyle is close to the hilum, and the short 

 radicle points to it. 



All the seeds coming under notice are entirely exalbu- 

 minous, and their embryos anrygdaloid. They may be classi- 

 fied according to relative size, character of the fruit, or 

 peculiarities in the development of the receptacle. For 

 instance, the species of Primus, including the old genera 

 Persica, Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus and Laurocerasus, 

 all have very large amygdaloid embryos and a bony endocarp, 

 and may be considered as the typical representatives of the 

 Order as far as shape and general features of the seed and 

 embryo are concerned. A very small type is met with in 

 Spiraea, and endosperm occurs in some genera belonging 

 to the same tribe, such as Neillia, Stephanandra, Gillenia, and 

 Neviusa, as well as in Canotia, Eucryphia, and Euphronia 

 belonging to the Quillajese. 



The separate drupels of Rubus Balfourianus may be 

 compared to those of Primus on a small scale, and similarly 

 the embryo which conforms closely to the shape of the seed 

 and that again to the interior of the endocarp which is inde- 

 hiscent and bony. The achenes of Potentilla insignis are 

 laterally compressed, ridged and somewhat oblique, causing 

 the embryo to assume the same general outline and the radicle 

 to be bent on one side, a very unusual circumstance in the Order. 

 The fruit of the Poteriese consists of one to three achenes en- 

 closed in the concave, urceolate or closed receptacle. When 

 only one achene is enclosed it conforms to the interior of the 

 cavity, but when two or three share the space they are more 

 or less angled by mutual pressure. The receptacle of Agrimonia 



