RUBIACE.E 61 



corresponding in outline to one half of the fruit, and has a 

 hard crustaceous testa. When mature, it shows a longi- 

 tudinal slit or furrow in the middle or a little to one side of 

 the ventral face. A transverse section of the seed shows 

 that it grows much too wide for the cavity of the fruit, 

 and becomes strongly infolded longitudinally with its lateral 

 edges meeting on the ventral aspect. The embryo is like that 

 of Gardenia Thunbergia and is located on the dorsal aspect at 

 the lower end of the seed, with the radicle inferior as in the 

 species of Galium and Ixora. 



Seedlings. There are many differences in matters of 

 minor detail in seedlings of this Order ; but the prevailing type 

 of cotyledon is ovate and three- to five-nerved, while broadly 

 ovate-triangular and elliptic forms may be considered as modi- 

 fications. Those observed may be conveniently classified into 

 four groups according as the species are herbaceous with ovate 

 cotyledons ; shrubby with ovate and generally larger coty- 

 ledons ; thirdly, have more or less elliptic cotyledons ; and, 

 fourthly, orbicular or transversely oblong cotyledons. The 

 first type is well represented by Eubia cordifolia (fig. 438). 

 The cotyledons are ovate, five-nerved, and petiolate. The 

 first pair of leaves are ovate-cordate, three- to five-nerved, and 

 the stipules are similar but smaller, with less conspicuous 

 venation. Galium tenuissimurn has similar, but very small 

 cotyledons, and the first three pairs of leaves are obovate and 

 similar to, but slightly larger than, their stipules. Crucian- 

 ella EBgyptiaca (fig. 443) differs from the last named in the 

 cotyledons being larger and emarginate. The first pair of leaves 

 are lanceolate, and the four succeeding pairs linear-subulate 

 with similar stipules. The seedling of Galium Aparine is 

 almost as vigorous as that of Rubia cordifolia, but the coty- 

 ledons differ in being broadly oblong-ovate, trinerved, and 

 emarginate. The broad cotyledons emerge from the thin-walled 

 fruit by the splitting of the latter after the endosperm has 

 been absorbed ; the emargination is sometimes quite evident 

 as soon as they have escaped from the seed, but as a rule it 

 is not noticeable till later ; it is due to the more rapid 

 growth of the sides as compared with the apex where the 

 water-pores, or at least the principal ones, are situated. The 



