102 ON SEEDLINGS 



fruit to the ground while the elongating hypocotyl extricates 

 the cotyledons. In all three cases the radicle emerges at the 

 base of the fruit which splits longitudinally by three valves, 

 thus facilitating the exit of the embryo. The splitting of the 

 fruit is brought about by the force of the rapidly swelling 

 cotyledons. When the latter have got quite clear, they 

 are spathulate-oblong, obtuse, entire and tapered to the 

 base. 



The fruits of Calendula pluvialis are dimorphic. Those at 

 the periphery of the receptacle are broadly obovate or suborbicu- 

 lar, flattened, and smooth with broad flat wings. The embryo 

 is straight in conformity with the fruit, and has linear-oblong 

 or spathulate cotyledons. The other fruits are obovoid, not 

 flattened, and muricate all over the surface. In C. hybrida 

 the fruits are also dimorphic. The outer ones of the receptacle 

 are obovate, much flattened with broad flat wings. Those of 

 the centre of the receptacle are obovoid, slightly curved or 

 straight, trigonous and toothed on all the three angles. The 

 embryo is straight or nearly so in both cases with linear- 

 oblong rather fleshy cotyledons. The fruits of C. gracilis are 

 also somewhat dimorphic judging from the specimens observed. 

 One kind is curved so as to form a complete annulus, and it 

 is muricate in transverse wavy ridges. In the other case the 

 annulus is not complete and the muricate ridges on the back 

 are nearly obsolete. 



There are three or four different forms of fruit in C. algar- 

 biensis. Those on the periphery of the receptacle are oblong, 

 straight or slightly curved, not winged but prolonged at the 

 apex into a slender beak. The next series consists of fruits 

 with narrow, strongly involute wings, muricate along the back 

 with three rows of teeth, and coiled so as to form a complete 

 annulus. In a third set of fruits the annulus is less complete, 

 the wings are absent, and the back is merely rugose hi trans- 

 verse obtuse ridges. In the fourth or central series the fruits 

 are very small, apparently imperfect, and not completely 

 annular. 



Seedlings. The prevailing type of the cotyledons in the 

 seedling stage is spathulate, a shape due to that of the seed, 

 which in turn conforms strictly to the interior of the fruit, 



