146 ON SEEDLINGS 



it is rarely carried up on the cotyledons. The cotyledons when they 

 emerge are oblong, obtuse, entire, and narrowed to the base. Of 

 twelve fruits of this series sown, seven germinated, or 58-3 per 

 cent. 



B (fig. 477). The achenes from the middle series of the capitu- 

 lum are more or less broadly winged. The radicle pushes out at the 

 base of the fruit apparently most frequently on the 

 ventral aspect, and not being able to get clear of 

 the infolded margin of the wing, runs along the 

 groove, and emerging at the apical end of the 

 achene enters the soil, fixing down the achene 

 while the hypocotyl pulls the cotyledons out. The 

 achene splits longitudinally as in outer fruits of the 

 receptacle into three valves, and seems to be rarely, 

 if ever, carried up by the cotyledons. The figure 

 shows the seedling two days after germination 

 commenced. 



Of twelve fruits sown, nine germinated, or 75 

 per cent. 



C. The innermost achenes of the capitulum are 

 much curved. In germination they become deeply 

 split, and the hypocotyl in elongating and 

 straightening pulls the cotyledons out. The achene is sometimes 

 carried up on the cotyledons, which immediately after emergence are 

 narrowly spathulate-oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed to the base, 

 glabrous, pale yellowish-green. Of twelve fruits of this series, nine 

 germinated, or 75 per cent. 



Calendula hybrida, L. 



Achene dimorphic, obovate-oblong, flattened and furnished with 

 a broad membranous wing, or scarcely flattened and wingless with 

 rows of teeth. 



Seed conforming to the shape of the fruit, exalbuminous, 8- 

 10 mm. long ; testa membranous, smooth ; hilum inconspicuous. 



Embryo straight, filling the whole seed, dirty grey ; cotyledons 

 linear, obtuse, entire, rather thick, closely adpressed, lying the broad 

 way of the seed ; radicle tapering downwards, subacute, much shorter 

 than the cotyledons. 



Calendula pluvialis, L. 



Achene dimorphic, some winged, broadly obovate or subrotund, 

 (including wings), considerably flattened, smooth and brown ; the 

 others wingless, obovate, scarcely flattened, tubercled, black. 



