INTRODUCTION 7 



these two primitive factors. That great 

 champion of Materialism whom Mr. Lilly 

 appears to consider to be an authority in 

 physical science, Dr. Biichner, embodies this 

 article of faith on his title-page. Kraft und 

 Stoff force and matter are paraded as the 

 Alpha and Omega of existence. This I 

 apprehend is the fundamental article of the 

 faith materialistic; and whosoever does not 

 hold it is condemned by the more zealous of 

 the persuasion (as I have some reason to 

 know) to the Inferno appointed for fools or 

 hypocrites. But all this I heartily dis- 

 believe ; and at the risk of being charged 

 with wearisome repetition of an old story, I 

 will briefly give my reasons for persisting in 

 my infidelity. In the first place, as I have 

 already hinted, it seems to me pretty plain 

 that there is a third thing in the universe, to 

 wit, consciousness, which, in the hardness of 

 my heart or head, I cannot see to be matter, 

 or force, or any conceivable modification of 

 either, however intimately the manifestations 

 of the phenomena of consciousness may be 

 connected with the phenomena known as 

 matter and force. In the second place, the 

 arguments used by Descartes and Berkeley 

 to show that our certain knowledge does not 

 extend beyond our states of consciousness, 

 appear to me to be as irrefragable now as 

 they did when I first became acquainted with 



