16 FROM THE GREEKS TO DARWIN 



Goethe, Treviranus, Geof. St. Hilaire, St. Vin- 

 cent, Is. St. Hilaire, Naudin. Miscellaneous writ- 

 ers: Grant, Rafinesque, Virey, Dujardin, d'Hal- 

 loy, Chevreul, Godron, Leidy, linger. Cams, 

 Lecoq, Schaaffhausen, Wolff, Meckel, von Baer, 

 Serres, Herbert, von Buch, Wells, Matthew, 

 Haldeman, Spencer, Chambers, Owen. 



III. 1858-1893 A.D. 

 Inductive Evolution: Darwin, Wallace 



Evolution established inductively and deduc- 

 tively as a law of Nature. The factor of natural 

 selection established. Observation and specula- 

 tion upon other factors of Evolution. 



No sharp lines actually separated these four 

 periods ; each passed gradually into the next. The 

 decline of Greek, and especially of Aristotelian 

 influence in natural science, was extremely grad- 

 ual, and was overlapped by the awakening of the 

 spirit of original research upon animals and 

 plants and of the science of medicine. Similarly, 

 what we may call the Philosophers' period ran 

 insensibly into the Buffon or third period, for 

 the later naturalists began their work contempo- 

 raneously with the later philosophers. Perhaps 

 the sharpest transition was at the close of the 

 third period, in which a distinct anti-Evolution 

 school of geologists, zoologists and botanists had 



