22 FROM THE GREEKS TO DARWIN 



In 1852 Herbert Spencer also used the word 

 in this sense. Spencer later greatly influenced the 

 use of the word in popular as well as technical 

 language, for he attributed all changes in the 

 universe, whether material or psychical, to only 

 two causes: the process of Evolution or the re- 

 verse process of dissolution/ In his essay of 

 1858^ we find him contrasting "creation by evo- 

 lution" with "creation by manufacture," and con- 

 cluding that "creation by manufacture is a much 

 lower thing than creation by evolution." 



In England, Evolution has been known as the 

 'doctrine of derivation,' as the 'development hy- 

 pothesis,' and as the 'descent theory.' Lyell in his 

 Principles of Geology speaks throughout of the 

 theory of 'transmutation' and only once uses 

 the word 'evolution.' In France, the early terms 

 ' denature e' of Buff on, ' transmutation' and 'filia- 

 tion' have partly given way to the more modern 

 HransformismeJ These terms are defined by La- 

 rousse^ as follows: 



transmutation, changement d'une chose en une 



autre, 

 degeneration, passage d'un etat naturel a un etat 



inferieur. 

 gradation, accroissement ou decroissement pro- 



gressif. 



^Compare Murray: Evolution. New English Dictionary, vol. 3, 

 pt. 2 E. 



^The Nebular Hypothesis. ^Larousse Universel, Paris, 1922. 



