FROM LAMARCK TO ST. HILAIRE 283 



tion, but stout opponent to the very end of all 

 doctrines of transformism. 



Treviranus (1776-1837) 



Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, a prominent 

 German naturalist and contemporary of La- 

 marck and Goethe, has the distinction of having 

 defined 'biology' as the science of living Nature, 

 in 1802. It is an interesting coincidence that both 

 he and Lamarck independently felt the need of a 

 comprehensive term for the principles underlying 

 botany and zoology, and that they proposed it in 

 the same year.^ 



Huxley has also placed Treviranus beside La- 

 marck as one of the founders of the evolution 

 theory; but a careful study of Treviranus' chief 

 work — Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden 

 Natur — does not justify our ranking these two 

 men together. In the other extreme, Treviranus, 

 as an evolutionist, has been too widely ignored. 

 He is not named by any of the French writers; 

 his own countryman, Haeckel, has clearly set 

 forth his position, but places him below Oken, 

 the chief exponent of transcendental anatomy. 

 We may therefore give a rather full statement of 

 his views. His Biologie was published in the same 

 year as Lamarck's first essay of 1802 upon 



iSee note, p. 65. 



