510 MOHAMMEDISM 



the knowledge of Islam, that more and more attention has been paid 

 to the 'Adat of the separate Muhammadan peoples. Chiefly in two 

 geographical territories much fertile work has been done. I have just 

 mentioned the population of Northwest Africa, being a territory 

 where the French colonial administration has pursued the collection 

 of the 'Adat with great zeal. The three volumes by Hanoteau and 

 Letourneux, La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles (Paris, 1872-73), 

 is a classical work of codification of Berber custom-law. As regards 

 special studies, still more extensive is what Dutch scholars have 

 done in the Indian insular colonies of their beautiful fatherland, for 

 the knowledge of the 'Adat among their Muhammadan subjects. 

 The description of the religious life and social customs of the Atjehs 

 (1893) and of the Gajo (1903), given to us by Snouck Hurgronje in 

 two of his most instructive books, 1 offer undoubtedly the most 

 exact treatise on the 'Adat in countries whose formal law is Islam. 

 The scientific reviews dedicated to the investigation of the philology, 

 geography, and ethnography of Dutch India 2 are rich in fine and 

 thorough investigations into these conditions. I can well mark 

 these important researches and gatherings as a welcome advance in 

 our modern scientific study of Islam, though they have mostly kept 

 themselves rather in the frame of ethnography. 



Equally rich in stimulating elements are the "data of provincial 

 peculiarities with which we meet in matters of creed and religious 

 exercise. Here is a rich crop for the chapter of ethno-psychology 

 and religious history which can be headed Survivals, to use a term 

 brought into vogue by Edward B. Tylor. We have examples of direct 

 remains of pagan worship in tribes, outwardly submitted to Islam. 

 Al-Bekri, an Arabic geographical author of the eleventh century 

 (died 1094), transmits to us in this relationship remarkable facts 

 about North African Islam. In his time many a Berber tribe made 

 offerings to Roman monuments, prayed to them for the recovery of 

 their sick, and felt grateful to them for the prosperity of their 

 belongings. 3 This rather indefinite statement is completed by state- 

 ments from the same author quoted by Yakut, that three days' 

 journey from Waddan in the territory of Fezzan, south of Tripolis, - 

 now a place inhabited by an enormous number of Shurafa, 4 that is, 



1 Snouck Hurgronje, De Atjehers (Batavia-Leiden, 1893-94), 2 vols. Het 

 Gajoland en Zijne bewoners (Batavia, 1903). 



* Let us mention in the first place the volumes of Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en 

 Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie, published by A the Royal Institution for 

 Dutch-Indian Studies. For special chapters on the 'Adat of Java and Madura see 

 Van den Berg, in the vol. 1892, pp. 454-512, and 1897, pp. 83-181. In the first note 

 of the former paper some previous literature on the 'Adat is mentioned. J. A. 

 Nederburgh began in 1896 to publish in Batavia a periodical Wet en 'Addt ; but 

 it was only carried on till 1898, in all, three issues. 



3 Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Nationale, xn, p. 458. 



Cf. Rphlfs, Kufra (Leipzig, 1881), p. 147 ff. 176; Mohammed b. Othman el- 

 Hachaichi, Voyage au pays des Senoussia (translated by Serres and Lasram, Paris, 

 1903), p. 134 ff. 



