642 HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 



selves also from the sentimentality of the Schleiermacherian school, 

 they imparted to their historical work a more objective character 

 and a more measured spirit. 



Now we arrive at the quite modern and nearly contemporary 

 period of our studies. Here our report is of a more delicate nature, 

 not only because we should have to speak of scholars still living, 

 like Pfleiderer and Harnack, the two masters we have the privilege 

 to greet respectfully at this Congress, but also because there is not 

 yet enough distance for judging impartially scholars and tendencies 

 with which we are ourselves connected. 



Two statements require at the first sight our attention. While 

 during the first half of the nineteenth century ecclesiastical his- 

 tory was but little studied except in German universities, since 

 about 1860 other countries have taken a more and more active part 

 in the common scholarly work. 1 First of all, Dutchland with the 

 great school of Leiden, 2 afterwards England, 3 the United States 



1 AVe do not forget one moment that in our days, as before, the share of German 

 scholarship is preeminent in the field of ecclesiastical history. Many special 

 periodicals, a great quantity of unequaled handbooks bear witness to the rich 

 production of scholarly work which is continually afforded to students and 

 theologians. We omit mentioning names; complete pages would be required to 

 do so. We shall only point out the contributors of the Texte und Untersuchungen 

 zur Geschichtc der altchristlichen Literatur, edited under the direction of Ad. Har- 

 nack. von Gebhardt, and, during the first period, also of Zahn; of the Theologische 

 Literaturzeitung, edited by Ad. Harnack and E. Schiirer; of the Theologische 

 Rundschau, under direction of Bousset; of the Realencyklopadie fiir protestantischc 

 Theologie und Kirche, the second and third editions of which have been presided 

 over by A. Hauck; of the Byzantinische Zeitschrift, edited by Krumbacher; of the 

 Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte, edited by Brieger; of the Zeitschrift fiir die neutes- 

 tamentliche Wisscnschaft, edited by Preuschen and Kriiger; of the Zeitschrift fiir 

 Theologie und Kirche, edited by Gottschick; of the Zeitschri.fi fiir Wissenschaftliche 

 Theologie, edited by Hilgenfeld. We ought to join the Studien zur Geschichte der 

 Theologie und Kirche, edited by Bonwetsch, the Protestantische Monatshtfte, the 

 Theologische Studien und Kntiken, the Schweizerische Theologische Zeitschrift 

 (edited by Meili in Zurich). 



Roman Catholic theologians, on their side, took an active part in the work 

 of ecclesiastical history, not only in former time with Moehler and with the old 

 Catholics Friedrich and Dollinger, but also more recently with Funk, Bardenhewer, 

 Denifle, Ehrle, Ehrhardt, etc. See also the contributors of the Archiv fiir Literatur 

 und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, the Biblische Studien, the Forschungen 

 zur christlichen Literatur- und Dogmengeschichte, the KirchengeschichflicheSt udien, 

 the Theologische Quartalschrift, the Zeitschrift fiir katholische theologic. 



2 It will be sufficient to recall the names of Scholten, Kuenen, Rauwenhoff, 

 Tiele, etc. For ecclesiastical history in Dutchland let us mention also the con- 

 tributors of the Theologisch Tydschrift, the Nederlandsch Archie f voor kerkgeschie- 

 denis, the Teyler's theologisch Tydschrift, the Theologische Studien. 



3 Since the publication of the Essays and Renews, in 1860, and chiefly since 

 the spirited activity of Robertson Smith, free historical criticism has emancipated 

 itself from ecclesiastical tradition and has taken its flight. We may mention here 

 some names only: the Bishop of Durham, Lightfoot, Davidson, Edwin Hatch, 

 Estlin Carpenter, Armitage, Robinson and his contributors of the Texts and 

 Studies, contributions to biblical and patristic literature, the authors of the Studio 

 biblica and ecclesiastica of Oxford, the contributors of the Critical Review, the 

 Expositor, the Hibberl Journal, etc. The most significant example of the flight 

 of wholly independent criticism on the field of religious history in England is 

 the recent simultaneous publication of the Dictionary of the Bible, edited by 

 Hastings, and of the Encyclopaedia Biblica, planned by Robertson Smith, but 

 elaborated under the direction of T. K. Chevne and Sutherland Black. 



