THE PROBLEMS OF GREEK 167 



The question of the choice of prepositions has its problems. Why, for 

 instance, o^oXoyeiTcu irapd (or Trpos) TIVOS rather than viro TIVOS? Even o-w 

 still seems to need elucidation. We talk of its use in Attic prose as 

 being restricted to commercial language, and, in another sense, to a 

 few phrases; but when Stratonicus (who had in his school- room two 

 pupils and ten statues representing Apollo and the Muses) was asked 

 how many pupils he had, and answered, <rvv TOIS fools SwSeKa, he was 

 punning on what I believe to have been two good Attic uses of the 

 preposition, except that one of them is confined to a few phrases 

 ("with the help of," "thanksto"). I do not recall an instance of //.era 

 in the sense "inclusive of." 



The question of the simple verb with a preposition, eX0etv ets, 

 the compound without the preposition, eio-eX0eiv, and the com- 

 pound with a preposition dveXOtlv eis, needs elucidation. Here style 

 and meaning are both concerned, and even the latter seems to 

 be misconceived in some instances. In certain translations we 

 read " Epidamnus is a city situated on the right as you sail into the 

 Ionian gulf." Of course it should be, accent it as you will, " There is 

 a city Epidamnus"; but that by the way. The point is this: we are 

 told that this is the only prose example of eo-TrXeiv with the simple 

 accusative. If so, it is the only prose example of eo-7rXv with an 

 accusative not depending on e'er- directly. As you sail by Epidamnus 

 on your right, you are far within the Ionian gulf of Thucydides. There 

 is a similar confusion of o-vorpaTeuv TWI with auo-TpaTeueiv fj.(rd. Ttvos 



(Or O"VV TtVl). 



The article, with its development, its prose use and its poetical 

 omission, its uses with proper names, and so on, must be reluctantly 

 dismissed with a brief remark on one point: the use of the article 

 with a noun in address. Mrjrep Aopctou 17 yepcua, Hare/a i^/xcov 6 Iv TOIS 



ovpavois and similar examples are familiar to all, and no one would 



defend Trarep Aapei'ou 6 yepaie or 6 ev rots ovpavois irdrep', but Some 



appear not to know that where there is no vocative form there is 

 no vocative case and the article is not excluded; but to what extent 

 the address affects the use of the article I have not seen discussed. 

 The article with a nominative following and qualifying a true voca- 

 tive, as just cited, is treated by some as an irregularity, as is the 

 predicate vocative as in w ^tXrarc perairiTrTwv ; but on what grounds? 

 The pronouns still have their problems. When, for instance, " I " 

 is used for "any one," must yw be expressed? Certainly not in late 

 Greek. A study of this subject which I have published does not 

 pretend to be exhaustive or conclusive. Again, what is there specially 

 " Attic " about ri Xeys <ru ? Has the pronoun anything to do with 

 it? Why was <rv in eX0c o-v, TOVTO TToirja-ov <rv, in the KOUO/ equivalent 

 to paKa or ^wpc, and did it have the same effect in the classic Greek? 

 But I cannot take time even to ask the many remaining questions. 



