THE PROBLEMS OF GREEK 169 



scarce. Homer's vexatious dv^Oevra veca-Qai, emended, however plaus- 

 ibly, into avirjOwr' dvexea-0cu, cannot be counted. Xenophon (Cyrop. 

 vi, 2, 18) makes the characteristic remark that a hundred horses 

 would not be able to stand the sight of one camel: OVK av avda-xotvTo 

 iSovres. Lysias (13, 8) says OVK yveo-xeo-Oe d/covVavTs, though Xenophon 

 (Hell, vi, 5, 19) says of a similar situation, OVK ^VCI'XOVTO dKoiWres. 

 Demosthenes (41, 1) has an example of the aorist participle with 

 the present av^a-Bai. as in the problematical Homeric example: el 



fjLaXXov -flpovp.r)v 8uca9 *ai Trpay/xar' Xv 77 [UKpa eAarTco^eis dvexr$ai. (The 



hexameter is only apparent.) I do not recall an example of the 



aorist with the Object Of avc^to-Oat, as in (W^eo-flai rty yrjv TC/AVO/XO/T/V, 



though situations can be conceived in which I believe the aorist 

 would be required. An exhaustive list of examples of all sorts is 

 needed. 



The mutual relations of aorist and perfect furnish some problems. 

 The fact that with TroAAa/as the aorist was as natural to the Greeks as 

 the perfect, and that with 7roAAd/as f)orj it was almost the rule, is 

 often ignored, and 7roAAa*is e0av//,ao-a is cited as an aorist used instead 

 of a wanting perfect. So the aorist subjunctive is spoken of as a less 

 accurate substitute for the more unwieldy perfect, whereas the per- 

 fect has a different function, so far as I have observed; but a thor- 

 ough examination I have never made nor seen. That the aorist 

 indicative in like manner takes the place of the more unwieldy plu- 

 perfect in the unreal condition seems equally erroneous. The favor- 

 ite illustration is owtev av a>v wvl TreTroi^/cev Z-rrpagev, where the aorist is 

 the proper tense. We might say ovoev &v TreTi-oo/Kev SiKatws cTrpafei', and 



SO we find (Dem. 23, 178) iravr dVo> KO.L Kara) TrtTroi^KCV KCU ouSev . . . 



SiKauos eirpa&v. It is not necessary to state why the aorist in such 

 cases seems to be the proper tense. Among the examples are some 

 in which the circumstances cause the aorist and pluperfect to ex- 

 change places as compared with the example just cited. A collection 

 of all the examples would be instructive. 



The difference between the aorist and the perfect participles 

 presents some difficulties. "Being justified by faith, let us have 

 peace " : SiKcuwflej/res . . . exw/xev. Must this mean (as of course it does) 

 "let us be justified and have," or might it mean "seeing that we 

 are justified"; or would this latter require the perfect? Not neces- 



sarily; for Xenophon (Hell. II, 2, 6) has OUTOI cr<ayas TWV yvwpi/xcov 



TToiT/o-avres, KaTctx ov T ^ v TO\IV, and yet the (r<aycu had occurred long 

 before, and Trot^o-avres is causal. 



The moods, the main field of problems, can only be touched upon. 

 Some of these problems, such, for instance, as relate to the ideal general 

 condition and the prohibition, I pass by reluctantly, as some of my 

 published views concerning them have been misunderstood. Attention 

 is directed to only two or three practical cases. It has sometimes 



