198 LATIN LANGUAGE 



though still in a very incomplete way, the existence of an earlier 

 stage of parataxis, out of which the later stage of hypotaxis grew. 

 Thiersch also saw the facts of mood-usage more justly than his 

 metaphysical schematizing suggests. He recognizes Will as the force 

 of the Subjunctive in what he calls its earliest seat, namely exhort- 

 ation and prohibition, and derives the Future force of the mood, as 

 seen in many Homeric examples, from this earlier force, on the ground 

 that acts lying in the future depend either upon the Will of some one 

 or upon the later course of things ("dem weitern Erfolg"). In the 

 same connection, he uses the phrase "wo dieser noch zu erwarten," 

 "where this is still to be expected." Out of this has grown the use 

 of the technical name Erwartung, now generally used in Germany 

 for one of the families of meanings of the Subjunctive. We have thus 

 already seen, as early as 1812, the suggestion that the uses of the 

 Greek Subjunctive may be divided into two classes, Will and Ex- 

 pectation, and the suggestion of the descent of the second from the 

 first. This is psychological syntax, beclouded though it is by the 

 veil of metaphysical syntax thrown over it. 



The opposite method, that which makes Expectation (Futurity) 

 the oldest force of the Greek Subjunctive, was adopted by Aken, in 

 1861. 



Both these conceptions, it may be said in passing, have been 

 adopted for Latin. Thus in 1827, Wiillner, Bedeutung dcr Sprachlichen 

 Casus und Modi, endeavored to explain all the forces of the Latin 

 Subjunctive as containing the idea of Will, and in 1870, Greenough, 

 The Latin Subjunctive, endeavored to explain all the forces of the 

 same mood as expressing Futurity. Both these men had broken 

 away from the tenets of the metaphysical school; yet both continued 

 to hold the doctrine, which had arisen through the thinking of that 

 school, that every use of a given mood contained in it the original 

 force of that mood. 



The general view of the Optative suffered no further development 

 in the teachings of the metaphysical school, though a variety of 

 names came into use. The mood was that of "Vorstellung," "des 

 rein Vorgestellten," "des bloss Gedachten," "der reinen Subjec- 

 tivitat." It expressed a thought, an idea, something abstracted from 

 reality. Yet various attempts, quite in the modern method, were 

 made to trace the evolution of one use out of another. Thus Baiim- 

 lein, Untersuchungen uber die griechischen Modi, 1846, says that the 

 Optative is the mood of the Subjective, and that, as such, it has two 

 functions, one to express what is merely thought, the other to express 

 what is wished; but he adds, " If this seems too vague, then it is better 

 to start with the idea of Wish as the older, since it is easier to think 

 that the idea of Vorstellung arose out of the idea of Wish than vice 

 versa." The connecting link, he adds, may be formed by the Opta- 



