A CENTURY OF METAPHYSICAL SYNTAX 199 



tive of Concession. He does not illustrate, but probably has in mind 

 such a series as " may it be so," " grant that it be so," " it may be so." 

 Here is already the conception of the growth of one force out of 

 another, and of a third force out of the second. This is evolution, 

 a conception very different from that of the presence of some one 

 force in all the uses of a given mood. 



So much for Greek. But the story does not end here. These same 

 ideas were accepted as valid for the syntax of all languages. Often 

 the same man wrote on both Greek and Latin, treating both in the 

 same way. Thus Reisig, adopting Hermann's views in substance, 

 wrote a monograph on av in 1820, and then, in lectures on Latin 

 syntax, given finally in 1826-27, and published by Hasse in 1839, 

 reproduced the same scheme for Latin, three forms of being, 

 Reality, Possibility, and Necessity, and three corresponding moods, 

 Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. Possibility is thought of 

 either objectively, as resting on the relation of things, or subjectively, 

 as in the mind of the speaker. 



This is the Hermannian scheme, pure and simple. The majority 

 of Latin grammarians, on the other hand, following the modified 

 scheme devised by Matthia, made the Subjunctive the mood of 

 thought (" Vorstellung ") , and the Imperative the mood of command. 

 Thus Zumpt, second edition, 1820 (probably also in the first, which 

 I have not been able to see *), explains the Subjunctive in a clause 

 of Purpose as expressing a thought ("Vorstellung"), the Subjunctive 

 with cum causal as expressing the idea of inner dependence, which is 

 a matter of thought ("Vorstellung"), and the Subjunctive with 

 cum temporal as involving the same conception of inner dependence. 

 Here we recognize the greater part of our ordinary syntactical 

 armory of to-day. The story is henceforth largely the same. Schulz's 

 Latin grammar, 1825, says that the Indicative is the mood of reality, 

 while the Subjunctive expresses the contents of a sentence not as a 

 fact, but merely as an idea, a conception. Thus in indirect questions, 

 expressions of purpose or result, wishes, concessions, conclusions, 

 one is dealing, not with facts, but with conceptions, as in " I told him 

 that I had gone to church " (" dass ich in der Kirche gewesen sei "), 

 in which for the moment I regard my being in church not as a fact 

 ("Thatsache"), but as the object of a mental activity, and so as 

 a conception. The treatment is the same, again, in Etzler's Erorter- 

 ungen, 1826, Kuhner's Latin grammar, 1840, Madvig's Latin gram- 

 mar, 1844, etc. Madvig says, for example, that in Titius currit ut 

 sudet, "Titius runs to get into a sweat," the Subjunctive is used 

 because the sweating is a mere conception. Holtze, in 1861-62, says 

 the Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative, as everybody knows 

 (notum esf), express things respectively as Actuality, as dependent 



1 Golling states that he has not been able to see either of the first two editions. 



