THE RELATIONS OF ANATOMY 367 



is of little more use to philosophers than was the Galenic anatomy 

 to the surgeons of that time. Philosophy will thus remain one of the 

 factors which continually stimulate more detailed anatomic studies. 

 We shall return to this later. 



Manifold are the facts concerning human anatomy which are 

 found in history and tradition. In the first place, the history of 

 human anatomy is an important part of general history, especially 

 of the history of education. To determine the history of anatomy 

 requires a considerable knowledge of the subject. Illustrations of 

 anatomic objects occur frequently among prehistoric remains. I will 

 recall only votive tablets and relics. With an accurate knowledge of 

 anatomy, many facts in the history can be rightly determined. The 

 method introduced and developed by Welcker, His, and Kollmann, of 

 reconstructing the head by placing skin and hair over the skull bone, 

 can be of importance in the determination of the identity of a person- 

 ality. Although we are now only at the beginning, I am convinced 

 that we may expect much of value from this method. 



The reconstruction of the head has, also, a relation to one of 

 the most important non-medical contributors to anatomy, the fine 

 arts. Since early times its requirements have given an impulse to 

 the study of anatomy, especially to that of the external form and the 

 anatomy of bodies in motion. We may, indeed, say that it was 

 the artists who first developed and furthered the study of this branch 

 of anatomy. I need only recall Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo, 

 Raphael Sanzio, and Albrecht Diirer. To this point also we shall 

 return. 



Finally, we may say, according to the proverb, "Homo sum, 

 humani nihil a me alienum puto," that everything connected with 

 man and with humanity requires a knowledge of the construction 

 of the human body. We need not be surprised, therefore, if advances 

 in the study of anatomy come from unforeseen and unexpected direc- 

 tions. I shall only mention here the great realm of sociology and 

 personal hygiene. 



Although these are the principal factors which have required a 

 study of human anatomy, and which in the future will impel a pro- 

 gressive development and increase in the knowledge of the same, 

 there is one factor which must not be left out of consideration, which 

 is and will remain active in the development of all sciences, as well as 

 of human anatomy. This is the great advance in the general condition 

 of scientific and public life, as well as in the condition of the masses. 

 Such advances may require a long preparation, but in a short period 

 great advances and discoveries will occur, astonishing the people 

 themselves. Thus, fortunate political conditions, political revolutions, 

 and social changes, even fortunate wars, whose result is a long time 

 of peace, may mean the beginning of a new period, as well for the 



