374 HUMAN ANATOMY 



Toldt, Spalteholz, Brosike, Sobotta, 0. Schultze, and above all, the 

 anatomy of the human embryo by W. His. Some of these books, 

 which are well adapted to show the influence of the recent improve- 

 ment in the technique of illustrating on anatomic teaching, may be 

 seen in the German "Department of Education." 



Finally, I will merely touch upon the marked influence which the 

 founding and continuing of special archives and journals and regular 

 yearly reviews and yearly compilations have had upon anatomy, as 

 well as upon all other sciences. I may also mention the societies for 

 the study of anatomy (since 1886) and the International Cyclo- 

 pcedia of Literature recently prepared by the London Royal Society. 

 Anatomy must also be grateful to philology, as this has made possible 

 the systematization of its extremely complicated nomenclature. The 

 start in this direction was made in Germany at the suggestion of W. 

 His. We may hope that in the same way an anatomic language which 

 will be adapted to all people will develop and retain the interest of 

 succeeding generations in scientific unity. I am of the opinion that 

 this will only be possible by the historic method. 



When we pass to the second part of our subject, the consideration 

 of the influence and improvement which has been exercised by human 

 anatomy upon other branches of art and science, we may dispose of 

 it much more briefly, because the influence is generally reciprocal. 

 We shall enumerate the branches concerned, as far as may appear 

 desirable, and give examples here and there. It is not necessary to 

 insist upon the great importance of anatomy to the other medical 

 sciences. Following a noted saying, we may state "Anatomia est 

 fundamentum medicinae." Before Richard Lower had discovered 

 the course of the vagus nerve to the heart, there could be no thought 

 of a physiology of the cardiac action, and Marcello Malpighi's dis- 

 covery of the capillary blood-vessels set the keystone to Harvey's 

 doctrine of the circulation of the blood. We know how important the 

 determination of normal anatomic facts is for pathologic anatomy, 

 and it is not in vain that our pathologic anatomists constantly turn 

 to the study of normal anatomy. Men like Morgani and Rudolph 

 Virchow, Cohnheim, Cornil, Marchand, Orth, yon Recklinghausen, 

 Carl Weigert, and others have clearly understood the importance of 

 this close connection. 



The problem of embryology could only be definitely determined 

 when Karl Ernst von Baer, in the year 1817, discovered the mam- 

 malian ovum. The detailed investigations of human anatomy, which 

 have been performed more carefully than those of any other animal, 

 are of the greatest importance for comparative anatomy and zo- 

 ology. 



We may also see how more accurate anatomic knowledge has been 

 of use to practical medicine, in the physical methods of investigation 



