THE RELATIONS OF ANATOMY t 375 



in internal medicine, and in many other ways. How this has helped 

 the latter may be seen by a reference to lumbar puncture, introduced 

 by Quincke, which is constantly becoming more important, and 

 which could only be performed after the detailed anatomic inves- 

 tigations of Axel Key and Gustav Retzius. This method has also 

 brought about a long series of anatomic studies. That we may 

 conclude with a more general example, let us recall what a mighty 

 and beneficial influence on the development of internal medicine was 

 exercised by Hermann Boerhaave, whose Institutiones Medicae and 

 Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis rest entirely on an 

 anatomic basis. We may also recall how great an influence was 

 exercised by the memorable Anatomic Generate of Francois Xavier 

 Bichat. Was not the cell-doctrine necessary, before a scientific 

 bacteriology could develop? How carefully every obstetrician and 

 gynecologist must study the human pelvis, and every new discovery 

 which is made in this branch of human anatomy is of use in practice. 

 The history of the last few years shows that much is yet to be learned. 

 What can I say of surgery, in which anatomy must constantly watch 

 over the course of the knife? 



The great influence of anatomy on practical medicine is, however, 

 shown most markedly in special branches, laryngology, rhinology, 

 otology, neurology, urology, etc. When a physician wishes to devote 

 himself to any of these branches, he first studies carefully the anatomy 

 of the particular part. If he has forgotten this, he is forced to review 

 it carefully unless he wishes to become a charlatan. The anatomists 

 can instruct him on this point, and it is not necessary for me to speak 

 more at length about it, in this country in which special branches are 

 so strongly developed. 



We need not prove that human anatomy forms an indispensable 

 basis for anthropology, ethnology, and sociology. We need only recall 

 the names of Blumenbach, R. Virchow, and Anders and Gustav 

 Retzius, father and son. 



Further study and advance in the knowledge of anatomy is also 

 important for philosophy, especially for psychology. This stands 

 to reason. The investigation of the brain is the task of human anatomy. 

 The organ of thought must be investigated to its smallest details, and 

 we may state without fear of contradiction that philosophic sciences 

 will burst into renewed bloom, when anatomy and physiology have 

 cleared up the dark and intricate labyrinth of the brain. Much that 

 can now only be reached with effort, and is then hardly clear, will 

 become comprehensible. 



And now, last, not least, the fine arts. The representation of men, 

 be it as a true and characteristic imitation, as a portrait, be it in 

 historic paintings, in ideals, in caricatures, whether with the brush 

 and pencil or with the knife and chisel, will always be the principal 



