18 EVOLUTION, SOCIAL AND ORGANIC 



preters of the old testament and seventy-two 

 mystical names of God; therefore there must 

 be no more and no less than seventy-two joints 

 in the human body. 



During this period, European cities had no 

 paving or lighting, and one could not step 

 from a doorway in London or Paris without 

 plunging ankle deep in mud. They had pract- 

 ically no drainage and they were, at frequent 

 intervals devastated by the plague. But the 

 cities of Andalusia, built and governed by the 

 Moors in Spain, were drained, well lighted and 

 solidly paved. They had public libraries and 

 public schools. From their medical colleges 

 Europe obtained the only doctors it had. 



In the cities of Christian Europe these en- 

 lightened people were treated like dogs, while 

 in their wonderful cities, visiting Christians 

 were met with a hospitality and broad tolera- 

 tion wholly exceptional in the middle ages. 



In Europe, even toward the close of this 

 period, broad, scientific thinking was im- 

 possible. Nicholas Copernicus, in the i6th 

 century, afraid of the faggot, carried as a 

 secret locked in his own bosom, that helio- 

 centric theory which is the foundation of 

 modern astronomy. His great disciple Gior- 

 dano Bruno, for expounding that theory with 

 rare ability, after it was revealed by the great 



