178 EVOLUTION, SOCIAL AND ORGANIC 



than that which results from the way the mus- 

 cles are attached to its jaws. The warfare 

 of animals is waged literally with tooth and 

 nail, with horn and hoof, with claw and spur, 

 with tusk and trunk, with fang and sting^ — 

 always with organic, never with mechanical 

 weapons." 



And because man can invent tools and im- 

 prove them he has an immense advantage over 

 other animals. It is this advantage which the 

 biological sociologists have overlooked. But 

 this advantage makes an incalculable differ- 

 ence. The fundamental difference is, that "the 

 environment transforms the animal, while man 

 transforms the environment.'' 



What, then, is civilization? It is human 

 development beyond the animal stage. What 

 it its chief factor? It is psychic — the appli- 

 cation of "mind'' to the problems of life. 



Now we see still further how Ward is ir- 

 resistibly driven, by the logic of his position, 

 to Socialist conclusions. He sees that another 

 striking difference between irrational nature 

 and rational society is that nature is compe- 

 titive, while society is increasingly co-opera- 

 tive. And this co-operation is due to the 

 greater development of that psychic factor, 

 which is the chief instrument of civilization 

 and leads men to avoid waste. 



