38 



■\vliat they occiiiiiod before, to avoid possible infestation from auy stragglers 

 that may have beeu caught ou wool upon posts or brush, and if the wool is 

 charged with them \\hen clipped it should be stored where the ticks could not 

 easily return to the sheep. The ticks cannot travel any distance iudependentl.v. 

 and will soon die when removed from the sheep, but proper care here will 

 assure success. With due care to have an etttcient dip, one operation should 

 suffice, but it is a good plan to examine the herd a week or ten da.vs after 

 dipping, and if any parasites are found to have escaped, or to have issued 

 from pup.^E that survived, to repeat the operation. — Biillrtin .Yo. 5, ['. .S'. Dcpt. 

 Agriculture, Div. of Entomoloyii. 



Cattle Tick (Tlii[iivciihiiUix itiiniijiiiiis) 



Attacks cattle ;ind sometimes deer, goats and horses. The change from larva 

 to n.vmplia. and, according to Ijuunsliur.v. the further change from nymph to 

 adult, ma.v be effected on the lio.st. and lioth adult and larval ticks may carry 

 the parasite of Texas fever, red-water, or bovine piroiilasmosis, which exists 

 more or less extensively in the United States. Australia. South Africa. Argen- 

 tine Itepulilic. Jlexico. Roumania. Ital.v. West Indies, Eussia. (Jermany, 

 Southern France, Finland, England, Ireland, etc. 



It is probable that more than one species of tick transmits the parasite of 

 piroplasmosis to cattle, as red-water occurs in places where no species of 

 Thipiccphahis has beeu found. In some isolated outbreaks of red-water, the 

 part pla.ved by ticks has not been ascertained, and it has been suggested that 

 other agents th.-in ticks may earrj- the parasite from diseased to healthy cattle. 



The connection of infected ticks with the production of Texas fever was 

 firmly established (ls89-lS0o) liy Smith and Kilborne's investigations, which 

 have been suunuarised by Dr. G. H. F. Xuttall. F.R.S., Cambridge I'niversit.v. 



The destruction of ticks in cattle can be effected by the application of 

 acaricides in the form of a smear or a dip. Hand-picking may be tried when 

 only a few animals are infested, the ticks being touched with benzine, 

 lietroleuni, turpentine, or tobacco juice, then removed by forceps or by hand, 

 and destro.yed l>y burning. But hand-picking is both tedious and uncertain, as 

 the larva' and nymplKc are sm:ill enough to be overlooked. To be effective, 

 this metliod should he followed by smearing with a mixture lilje that recom- 

 mended by Cooper Curtice: Kerosene, 1 gallon: lard. 10 pounds; sulphur, 

 1 pound: jiine-tar, 2 pounds. This smear is applied with a brush. 



Wlien large numbers of cattle are infested, dipping must be resorted t<i. 

 the aninnds being made to swim througli a tank containing from 400 gallons 

 to 2.500 gallons of a reliable parasiticide. Xorgaard was sueee.ssful with 

 chlorona])hthol. ."(i pounds, dissolved in 2,500 gallons of water containing 40 

 jiouuds of soap. Gray and Itobertson (Rhodesia) employ a dip composed of 

 arsenic, G pounds; soap, 24 pounds; washing soda, 24 pounds; wood-tar, 5 

 gallons; and water, 400 gallons. 



With the ob,ject of bringing alx.nt the destruction of ticks on pastures, 

 various measures have l.ieeu advocated. Jlorgan, after t'xperience of Texas 

 fever, advises keeping cattle off infested pastures for eighteen mouths, or until 

 the ticks, in the absence of their hosts, have perished. Others, including 



