4S 



in the Eastern Provinces tlifin in the West. The fly is a small and very active 

 dark gray sjiecies, about one-third the size of the ordinary cattle-fly, and 

 shaped .inst like that insect, with the same kind of biting, dagger-shaped beak, 

 carried projecting forward in front of the head. When in large numbers these 

 flies frequently cluster on the horns to rest. It was from this habit tliat they 

 got their name. Statements that they bore holes into the horns are inaccurate. 

 The only harm done by them is due to their very irritating bites on the bodies 

 of the animals. The eggs are laid by the females In freshly deposited cow 

 droppings. The maggots hatch in 24 hours and become full grown in about a 

 week: they then burrow down a short distance into the ground and turn to 

 brown ]iuparia, from which the flies emerge in four or five days. There are 

 several broods during the summer, and the last brood or maggots passes the 

 winter as puparia. 



Remedies. 



Of the many remedies we have tried, the following have given the greatest 

 satisfaction: (1) Smearing the parts most usually bitten with a mixture of 

 lard, .5 lbs., and pine tar, 1 lt». Two applications each week when the flies are 

 very bad. Mix well together and apply to the parts mo.st attacked, brushing 

 the mixture lightly over the tips of the hair. After two or three applications 

 the treatment has more effect than at first. (2) Spraying the animals twice 

 a week with ordinary kerosene emulsion. .(3) Fish oil, 2 quarts, and oil of 

 tar, 2 oz. : or fish oil, 2 quarts, coal oil, 1 pint, and oil of tar, 2 ozs. (4) Good 

 work may b(> done by breaking up the cow droppings in the field. The maggots 

 can only live in the dung while it is in a moist condition. A boy with a rake 

 could go o\-er a pasture three times a week and break up all the fresh 

 dro]ipings and the drying up of these by the sun or the wasliing away by rain 

 would kill all the eggs or maggots, thus locally reducing the numbers very 

 much. 



Cattle Lice (TricJiodcctcs scalaris, Hacmatopinus curystcrnus, Nitzsch.) 



The loss from these disgusting and very common parasites of horned 

 stock is far greater than is generally appreciated. Many animals turned 

 out in spring in poor condition have been reduced in flesh by the constant 

 discomfort of being preyed upon by myriads of lice, which might have been 

 destroyed by a little attention on the part of those in charge of them. On 

 account of the small size of lice, they are often overlooked until they have 

 become very numerous and have done a great deal of harm. Lousy animals 

 will neither rest nor feed well. They are prevented from putting on flesh, 

 their growth is stunted, and their meat is neither so good nor produced so 

 economically. It is well known that an animal kept in good condition and 

 steadily increasing in weight costs much less to iirepare for the market than 

 one whose growth is checked and allowed to get into poor condition. Lice 

 cause more loss in stock than is generally appreciated. This loss is unneces- 

 sary, because all of the common external parasites of live stock can be easily 

 and cheaply treated. There are two kinds of lice found commonly on cattle, 

 the small !)lue louse or biting ox-louse (Trichodectes scaluris. Nitzsch), and 

 the big black louse or short-nosed ox-louse (Haematopinus eiiri/sternus. 



