141 



moth and other destructive eating-insects. Tlie price at which arsenate 

 of lead was put on the market previously has l)een almost prohibitive as 

 far as extensive use in large conunercial orchards was concerned, but recently 

 a material reduction has brought it within the reach of all those who need 

 to use an effective insecticide. (Swift's arsenate of lead is now being used 

 to a very large extent in the Pajaro Valley, one of the largest apple-growing 

 districts in Calfornia. The Port Albert apple-growers have derived splendid 

 results from the use of disparene. By careful and thorough spraying they 

 have reduced moth infection to next to nothing. In some young orchards 

 of sniooth-liarked trees there is not more than 1 per cent, of infected fruit, 

 while in the older orchards the infection is not more than 3 per cent.j" 



Jloic to Stiraii. 



Ppra.\'ing should be done wHh a detinite ob.iect in view, and the method 

 of spraying adapted to the accomplishment of that object. The first spraying 

 for the codling moth is for the sole ob.1ect of getting the jioison into the calyx 

 cup before it closes, and everything else should be subordinated to that end. 

 It has been found by repeated experiments that a rather coarse spray, thrown 

 with great force, will iienetrate and remain in the cups better than the mist- 

 like spra.v ordinarily used. At this time the apples are standing upright or 

 out towards the light just as the blossoms were, and so to go into these cups 

 tlie siu'ay must be thrown from nhorc iloirn and from the skies in, and not 

 from below »/j, as it is usually done. In the latter case the mist-like spra.v 

 gathers on the stamens and either runs off or else dries there and does not 

 carry any ]>oison down Into the cuiis. It will do no harm to continue the first 

 spraying until the tree is dri]iiiing all over, as the liquid tliat has lodged in 

 the calyx cups will stay there. 



The second spraying serves two purposes, one to fill any calyx cups still 

 open, and also to leave a coating of poison on leaves and fruit. The writer 

 formely used the mist spray for this .application, but changed to the coar.se 

 spray and secureil better results. This spraying should cease as soon as the 

 tree begins to drip. 



^yhllt \oz.:ic to r.vc. 



For liotli these sjirayings the licst nozzle to use is one that throws a 

 fan-like spray, such as the Bordeaux, manufactured by the Deming Co.. or 

 the Seneca of the Gould Co.. setting tlie nozzle at about the medium capacity, 

 .so that under the working i)ressure of the pump the spray will be thrown G to 

 .S feet before a mist is formed. If such a spray is thrown up and down on a 

 smooth surfa.-e at a distance of (1 to S feet, it will leave the surfai-e r-nvered 

 with little drops of water the size of a jiinliead or smaller, e.-ich one containing 

 a grai\i or more of jioison. wliidi will be left there as the water evaporates. 

 If sjiraying is continued too long these little drops will unite and run off, 

 carrying the poison with them. If the nozzle is set too fine, progress will be 

 slow, if too coarse the drops will run off. Care should be taken at all times 

 to see that the pressure is kept up and that the mixture is well agitated. 



The Bordeaux nozzle has a greater capacit.v than the other fan-shaped 

 ones, and we have found that one of this style will cover as much ground and 

 do lietter work than two of the other kinds. 



