17!) 



shown at 4: ."i and (> present the larva' as nearly full-,i;r(i\vn, ami when iletaehed 

 from the seale, het'ore the end of the season the lonse has secreted for Itself 

 the scaly covering in which it lives and matures, shown at 7 ; S represents one 

 of the antenna' (jf the young lice; 1 shows the eg;; highly magnified. 



By the middle of August this female lonse has hecome little less than a 

 bag of eggs, and the process of depositing these now begins, the body of the 

 parent shrinking day by day, until finally, when this work is completed, it 

 l)eeomes a mere atom at the narrow end of the scale, and is scarcely noticeable. 



The scales of the male lou.se are seldom seen: they are most freqnently 

 found uiKin the leaves, both on the upper and imder sides; they are smaller in 

 size than those of the female, and different also in shape. 



In the orchard and its innnediate neighbourhood it may be siircad by being 

 carried on the feet of birds, or attached to the larger insects, or may be aided 

 by the wind in jiassing from tree to tree, while it is itself so brisk in its active 

 state that it can travel two or three inches in a minute, and hence might in 

 this way reach a point two or three rods distant befoi-e it would perish. 

 Although tills insect essentiall.y belongs to the apple tree, it is frequently found 

 on the pear, and sometimes on the plum. 



Aiiple trees should be examined during the winter months for this pest. 

 When present in large numbers on the trunks and main limbs, a good scraping 

 will remove m.any of them, and prepare the way for effective spraying or wash- 

 ing operations. The No. 1 spray is a good remedy to use ; two ap[)lications are 

 necessary, and the mixture .should be nsed quite hot. .\nother very good ajipli- 

 catiou to be used with a brush or swab is made with 1 It), of concentrated lye 

 to 2% gallons of water. Both these remedies, of course, can be used only 

 during the dormant season. Still, it is almost impossible to cleanse the trees 

 entirely in this way. especially the smaller branches, and hence the insect 

 .should be fought also at the time when the eggs are hatching and the young 

 lice crawling over the limbs, as then they are tender and easily killed. With 

 this oliject iu view, the time of hatching of the renmiints left after the winter 

 work should be watched for. and while tlie young lice aiv aetive. before they 

 have secreted their protecting scales, the trees should be tliorouglily sprayed 

 or washed with a solution of soft soaii and washing soda, or with either of 

 spra.vs 2, (i oi' 7. 



In experimenting for other pests, it was accidcntly <liscov<'r<'d by Mr. 

 W. T. Macouu. Horticulturist. Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa, that ordi- 

 nary whitewash maile of good lime, painted on the trees, had the effect of dis- 

 solving the scales of the Oyster-shell bark -louse, so that they could be brushed 

 off. This remedy, whilst effe<-tual where it can be applied witli a brush, can- 

 not, of course, be used (Ui the small branches, which should be sprayed as 

 recommended above. 



S.\N .Tosic Scale { AKjiiiliiiliis /j( y/i/r/ox«.s-). 



The San .Tose Scale is the most destructive of all pests in neglected 

 orchards. Nevertheless, by intelligent effort, it can lie more easily controlled 

 th.in any other first-class orchard pest ; and when we come to realise that the 

 one annual winter application of the lime, sulphur, salt spray, which is all that 

 is neces.sary to reduce its ravages to the minimum, is also one of the best 

 general " cleaning-up " sprays that has yet been devised, we shall, perhaps, be 



