DISEASES OF Tllh DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 137 



any ot the ducts and establisliing a fistula. If it gets hard and 

 insensible use iodine externally and internally. 



CHOKING. 



This is especially common in cattle feeding on roots, 

 potatoes, apples, pears, and the like, because of the habit of 

 jerking up the head to get the object back between the grinders. 

 Pieces of leather, bone, etc., chewed wantonly, often slip back 

 in the same way. Horses suffer mainly from badly shaped 

 balls or sharp-pointed bodies, dogs from bones. Ravenous 

 feeders will choke on dry chaff, cut hay, etc., being imperfectly 

 mixed with saliva, and the same will happen in cases of diseased 

 teeth or salivary fistula or calculus. 



Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking. — When the 

 object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great distress, 

 staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing with expulsion of dung 

 or urine, continuous efforts at swallowing, and in cattle tympany 

 of the first stomach, which may suffocate the animal in fifteen 

 or twenty minutes. I have seen an animal die in five minutes 

 when the object was lodged directly over the opening of the 

 windpipe. In horses there is in addition an occasional shriek, 

 and water returns by the nose when drinking is attempted. In 

 omnivora and carnivora retching and vomiting are prominent 

 symptoms. A careful examination along the furrow on the left 

 side of the neck will usually detect the offending object. 



Symptoms of thoracic choking. — If the object is lodged in that 

 part of the gullet which lies within the chest, cough, slavering, 

 and gulping may be absent, but there are efibrts at regurgitation 

 and the discharge of liquids by the mouth (in horses the nose). 

 This, with the inability to swallow solid food, is very character- 

 istic. Tympany is usually slight, and there may be tremors at 

 intervals. 



Symptotns of chokitig with finely divided dry food. — These are 

 the same as for solid masses, according to the situation, but in 



