DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 215 



Treatment. — By breaking the stone into small pieces which 

 may pass with the urine {lithotrity), or by extraction whole after 

 dilatation or cutting of the passages {lithotomy)' Lithotrity is 

 effected with the lithotrite of the surgeon, and is only applicable 

 to the female quadrupeil, in which extraction is usually easy 

 and safe. A pair of long, round-bladed tongs like a glove- 

 stretcher may be used to slowly d.late the neck of the bladder, 

 after which the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which 

 should be broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced, and 

 the stone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating 

 movements. The injection of a little warm water into an empty 

 bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the stone. The 

 7nale is operated on standing or thrown on his right side. A 

 ca*het-'.r is passed up the urethra to the point where it bends 

 forward over the hip bones, and an incision about two inches 

 long made down upon this in the median line. If the stone is 

 small the forceps may now be introduced and the calculus 

 withdrawn as in the female. If too large for this the passage 

 must be dilated with a probe-pointed knife, guided by a grooved 

 director or the index finger, the incision being carried obliquely 

 between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The stone 

 once removed, the opening may be stitched up and treated 

 like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catlieter should be 

 passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of the erectile 

 tissue over the arch of the hip-bone and the small size of the 

 urethra render the operation far more difficult than in the horse. 

 (For further particulars see the author's larger work.) 



Urethral Calatli. — Stone in the canal by which urine is dis- 

 charged from the bladder. In horses these are found in the 

 terminal end of the urethra and its papillge on the glans penis. 

 In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of the penis just above 

 the scrotum, and in the ram in the same situation, or, more 

 frequently, in the vermiform appendix at the point of the penis. 

 In horses the straining is violent and constant, in cattle and 



