138 



KNOWLEDGE 



[July 1, 1891. 



July, being in superior conjunction with the Sun on the 7th. 

 During the latter jsart of the month he is an evening star, 

 petting on the Hist at 8h. 41m. p.m., or 54m. after the Sun, 

 with an apparent diameter of 5|" and a northern declination 

 of I'l , about I of the disc being illuminated. Venus is a 

 morning star, but is not a particularly attractive object in 

 the telescope during the month. On the 1st she rises at 

 2h. 24m. A.M., or Ih. 24m. before the Sun, with an apparent 

 diameter of 10|" and a northern declination of 22° 18', about 

 /yf(j of the disc being then illuminated. On the .31st she 

 rises at 3h. 7m. a.m., or Ih. 17m. before the Sun, with an 

 apparent diameter of 10" and a northern declination of 

 21° 32', -^^ of the disc being then illuminated. During 

 the month she passes through part of Taurus and nearly 

 the whole of Gemini. Mars is in\-isible. But for her great 

 southern declination, Vesta would still be excellently placed 

 for observation, southing on the 5th at lib. l|m. p.m., with 

 a southern declination of 21° 38', and on the 29th at 

 9h. 13m. P.M., with a southern declination of 23° 20'. She 

 continues to be visible to the naked eye throughout the 

 whole of July. 



Jupiter is an evejiing star, rising on the 1st at llh. 5m. 

 P.M., with a southern declination of 5"^ 53' and an apparent 

 equatorial diameter of 43i". On the 31st he rises at 

 9h. 6m. P.M., with a southern declination of 6° 22' and an 

 apparent equatorial diameter of 47". He describes a very 

 short retrograde path in Aquarius during the month, and 

 on the night of the 28th is about 14' north of the 6i mag. 

 star B.A.C. 8129. The following phenomena of the 

 satellites occur before midnight, while Jupiter is more than 

 8° above and the Sun 8° below the horizon : — On the 15th, 

 a transit egress of the shadow of the first satellite at 

 llh. 14m. On the 22nd, a transit ingress of the shadow 

 of the first satellite at lOh. 49m. ; a transit egress of the 

 third satellite at llh. 25m. ; a transit ingress of the first 

 satellite at llh. 51m. An eclipse reappearance of the fourth 

 satellite on the 23rd at llh. 11m. 38s. ; an occultation re- 

 appearance of the first satelUte at llh. 20m. On the 

 29th, an eclipse disappearance of the second satellite at 

 llh. 5m. 23s. ; a transit egress of the shadow of the third 

 satellite at llh. 24m., and a transit ingress of the satellite 

 itself 14m. later. On the 31st, a transit egress of the 

 second satellite at lOh. 10m. ; and a transit egress of the 

 first satellite at lOh. 21m. 



Saturn is so rapidly nearing the west that we only give 

 an ephemeris for the first half of July. Saturn sets on the 

 1st at llh. 9m. p.m., with a northern declination of 8° 44' 

 and an apparent equatorial diameter of 16-6" (the major 

 axis of the rmg-system being 38^" in diameter, and the 

 minor axis 3"). On the IGth he sets at lOh. 11m. p.m., 

 with a northern declination of 8° 13' and an apparent 

 equatorial diameter of IGf (the major axis of the ring- 

 system being 37*" in diameter and the minor 2i"). During 

 tins time he describes a short direct path in Leo. lapetus 

 is at his greatest western elongation, when he is brightest, 

 on the 18th. Uranus is an evening star, rising on the 1st 

 at lb. 51m. p.m., with a southern declination of 10° 1' and 

 an apparent diameter of 3-6". On the 31st he sets at 

 lOh. 19m. P.M., with a southern declination of 10° 8'. He 

 is in quadrature with the Sim on the 20th, and is almost 

 stationary to the N.N.E. of 86 Virginis during July. 

 Neptune is invisible. 



Shooting stars are fairly numerous in July, though the 

 twilight interferes with observation. A well-marked shower 

 radiates fi-om near S Aquarii, the maximum being on the 

 28th. The radiant point is in 22h. 40m. — 13°. 



The Moon is new at 3h. 59m. a.m. on the 6th ; enters 

 her first quarter at 5h. 29m. a.m. on the 14th ; is full 

 at Ih. 54m. p.m. on the 21st ; and enters her last 



quarter at 4h. 33m. a.m. on the 28th. She is in apogee 

 at 6h. P.M. on the 11th (distance from the earth, 251,610 

 miles) ; and in jierigee at 5h. p.m. on the 23rd (distance 

 from the earth, 224,325 miles). The greatest western 

 librations take place at 5h. 44m. a.m. on the 4th, and at 

 5h. 24m. P.M. on the 30th ; and the greatest eastern at 

 9h. 16m. P.M. on the 17th. 



WtWt Column. 



By W. Montagu Gattie, B.A.Oxon. 



T 



IIE following is an elementary explanation of the 

 play of the hand published last month. For con- 

 venience of reference, the distribution of the cards 

 is here repeated : — 



H.— 9, 8, 7. 



S.~8, 7, 4. 

 D.— 8, 6, 2. 

 C— 10, 7, 5 



H.— Kg, Kn, 6, 8. 

 S. — Ace, Kn, 2. 

 D.-^Kg, 9. 

 C— Qn, 9, 6, 2. 



H.— Qn, 4. 

 8.— Qn, 3. 

 D. — Ace, Qn, Kn, 



5. 4, 3. 

 C— Kn, 8, 3. 



n.—Acc, 10, .5, 2. 

 S.— Kg, 10, 9, 6, o. 

 D.— 10, 7. 

 C. — Ace, Kg. 



Score — Love all. 



Tn'rks 1 (ind 2. — Holding more than four diamonds, A 

 rightly follows the ace with the Itnave ; with four only, he 

 would lead the ace and then the queen. Y can place the 

 queen in A's hand ; and the cards played by B and Z 

 show that A also has the five, four, and three of diamonds, 

 unless B is calling for trumps, in which case he may have 

 one small diamond. The only diamond Z can have left 

 is clearly the eight. 



'J'rirk 8. — B holds four trumps to two honours, and his 

 partner's diamonds are established. Under these cir- 

 cumstances he does right in opening trumps. 



Trill; 4. — Y, of course, opens his long suit of spades. 

 He infers from the fall of the cards that B has the knave, 

 for, if either Z or A had had it, he would have played it. 



Trick 5. — A returns his partner's trump lead. It is 

 worth noticing (although the inference is not of service in 

 this particular hand) that Y can now place the remaining 

 trumps. This will readily be perceived if it be remem- 

 bered that A would return the higher of two remaining 

 cards, and that B's lead and subsequent play show four 

 trumps to the king. 



Trick 6. — B cannot yet tell whether his partner is void 

 of trumps or has two more ; but in either case he plays 

 correctly in continuing them. A, having to discard, dis- 

 poses of his worthless spade. 



Trick 7. — It will be seen that A B have now shown 

 " two by honours," and have already secured five tricks ; 

 therefore they require four more tricks to make the game. 

 B is protected in clubs, and has command of the adverse 

 spades, and, if he had another diamond, he could not do 

 better than to lead his losing trump ; for, on recovering 

 the lead, he would play the diamond, and, trumps being 

 out, A would make all the remaining diamonds. B, how- 

 ever, has not a diamond, and therefore A's winning cards in 

 that suit will be of no use unless he has a card of re-entry. 

 The king of spades is, in all likelihood, with Y, so that the 



