140 



KNOWLEDGE 



[July 1. 1891. 



Notes. 



(«) .\t least as good as the usual P x P. 



{/)) Not so good as B to K3, preventing B to B4, for 

 White can now get a slight advantage by Kt x Kt. 



((■) The combination is not quite sound. Kt x B is 

 probably better. 



((/) PxKt might lead to the following continuation: 

 S. g to K.3 ch, Q to K2; 9. QxE, Kt to B.3 : 10. 

 B to E6 ! . B to Bsq ! ; 11. B x B or B to K2, followed by 

 P to KKtl sanng the Queen. 



{e) Overlooking the winning ad\antage to be obtained 

 by 8. . . . BxB; 0. KtxKtP (the Bishop if attacked 

 retires to QR3) 9. . . P to QE4 1 ; 20. P to Q4 (he must 

 make a square for the Kt) ; 10. . . . PxP «n passayit ; 

 11. B to Q2, PxP: 12. Kt to R8, BxKt, followed by 

 B to B3, B X P and B to K5. Or if White play instead 11. 

 B to K3, there follows equally 11. . . . PxP; 12. 

 Kt to B3, B to B3, and 13. B x"P, with two Pawns ahead 

 at least for the time. 



(/) The Bishop is best where he is for the present. 

 He should play E to KKtsq ; and if then 11. P to KtS, 

 P to E.3, quickly breaking up White's position on the 

 King's side. 



{fl) Of course he dare not play B to Kt2 at once, on 

 account of the reply BxB, winning a Pawn. 



(h) Again R to Ktsq is much better {n'di' note /' ). The 

 King is best in the centre of the board. 



(i) It is necessary to defend the KBP. 



( /■) For now Black could at once obtain a passed Pawn 

 by BxKt, 14. BxB, Kt to Q4, itc. 



(A-) Very weak. KB to KBsq was essential. 



(/) The other Eook should be played to this square, in 

 order to avoid the exchanges. Obviously Black dare not 

 play to win a Pawn. 



(m) A fine move, blocking the Pawn position, and leaving 

 two moves for his other KRP to gain time with if necessary. 



(«) This and his next move are grave errors. The 

 Pawns should not be moved till necessary ; and especially 

 the EP, which has the option of moving one or two 

 squares later on, according to need. He should simply 

 come out with the King. 



(o) Black wisely refi'ains from moving any of his Pawns 

 till, by doing so, he can force the position. 



( /*) Unaccountable. P to B.j ch (if not any other move) 

 would almost certainly draw. The rest now is easy for 

 Black. 



((/) For Black can gain the opposition by moving the 

 RP : lidr note (//')• The ending is very well played by 

 Mr. Trenchard. 



I'ositioyi nftrr Il'/i/fc'.s 19//( iiiur 

 Black. 



KNIGHTS .\ND BISHOPS. 



It is generally admitted that these pieces are of about 

 the same value, but it may not strike everyone on what 

 grounds this conclusion is based. The two pieces have 

 absolutely nothing in common, so that mathematical 

 accuracy of valuation is out of the question. A Bishop's 

 action is like that of a ritle-buUet at long range, direct and 

 swift : a Knight's more like a bomb-shell, explosive in all 

 directions. Most players have a preference for one piece 

 or the other: " Winawer's Knights" are almost as 

 proverbial as " Paulsen's Bishops " ; the move, BxKt. (if 

 possible, doubling a Pawn) being known to the profession 

 as " Winawer's Trade Mark." Mr. Steinitz prefers the 

 Bishop, holding with the ancient dictum that six Bishops 

 are worth seven Knights. Most amateurs, we fancy, have 

 a lurking partiality for the Knight. There is a certain 



I fascination in calculating how many moves it will take 

 a Knight to reach a particular square : the calculation 

 has the merit of combining depth with easiness. The 

 Bishop is in reality a more difficult piece to manoeuvre 



I well. 



But how are their values to be compared "? Take first 

 a simpler case, that of Eook and Bishop. The Eook has 



j obviously five distinct advantages. (1) On a clear board 



I it commands 14 squares from any position ; whereas, the 

 Bishop commands its maximum of 18 squares, only if 

 placed on one of the four centre squares. (2) .\ Eook can, 

 if necessary, command any square on the board ; a Bishop 



I is, of course, limited to the squares of one colom-. (3) A 

 Eook can confine a King, a Bishop cannot. (4) Eook and 

 King can mate, Bishop and King cannot. (5) Eook assists 

 Kmg to castle. Against all this is to be set the Bishop's 

 one advantage, the power of being brought earlier into 

 play. A Eook, therefore, is evidently far stronger than a 

 Bishop. Going back, now, to the case of Knight and 

 Bishop, we find that points (3). (4) and (5) are not avail- 

 able for comparison. Points (1) and (2) may be discussed 

 first, and then the other respective advantages of the two 

 pieces must be simply counted up, and, when possible, 

 balanced one against the other. 



(7'() be colltiiuti'il.) 



Contents of No. 6S. 



PAGE 



Stellar Spectra. [Second Paper.] 



By E. W. Maunder, F.E.A.S. 101 

 ITie Origin of Chalk. By Jolin 



T. Kemp, M.A.Cautab 10:! 



What is the Cause of Volcanic 



Action :•' By the Rev. H. N. 



Hutchinson, B.A., F.G.S. 104 



Astronomy as taught by Academy 



Pictures 107 



The Travels and Life-History of 



n. Fun^is. By J. Pentlaud 



Smith, M.A., B.Sc, &c 107 



Notices of Books 110 



PAOE 



The Coal-Sack Begioii of the 



MilkvWay. By A. C. Eanyard 111 

 Flyina Animals. By H. I.vdek- 



ker. B.A.Cantab. 112 



Letters :— J. Gwen Davidson ; 



W. T. Lynn; W. F. Denniair; 



W. H. S. Monck ll.i 



The Face of the Sky for June. 



By Herbert Sadler. F.K. A. S. 117 

 Wh'ist Column. By W. Montai?u 



'Sattie, B.A.Oxon 118 



Chess Column. By C. D. Locook, 



B.A.Oxon 119 



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