\\\\. i')12. 



KN"(nvLi:nr,i: 



reverse is a Roman soldier attempting to tear open 

 a lion's jaw and a Latin inscription which mav be 

 translated " It has succeeded little, I have acted 

 diligently." It looks as if the medallist was, up to 

 the last moment, sitting on the political fence. The 

 second medal (by Bowers) is more decisive in its 

 tone. .Monmouth in trying to seize the three 

 crowns has fallen into the sea. On the reverse 

 (in Latin) are the words "The Gods derided, 

 July 6th, 1685." In the third medal, the 

 work of an anonymous artist, Monmouth is portra\ed 

 as falling from a column surmounted b\- the three 

 crowns, surrounded by military trophies. .\bove 

 the pillar is the word " Providcntia " : below. 

 ■■ Improvidentia." There is no date. Hawkins says 

 that ■' when Monmouth landed in Dorsetshire he 

 proclaimed himself King under the title of James II, 

 and exercised the royal privilege of touching for the 

 King's evil." It may be noted that the example of 

 this medal in the Royal Collection at Stockholm is 

 stamped with the date 1685, and the base of the 

 column is inscribed M. jri,, the month in which 

 Monmouth was defeated and executed. The fourth 

 Monmouth medal in mv collection is seen in Figure 

 Jll. The bust and hair are arranged verv much 

 as in the other specimens. The legend runs : 



"JACOm'S . DUX . MONVMKTHEXSIS." Below 



are the words, " G . BOWERS . i"." On the 

 reverse we see two infant genii amid clouds support- 

 ing a coronet over the cypher. J . E . D . M . (James 

 Edward. Duke of Monmouth). There are cherubs 

 above and below. The legend is CAPVT . INTER . 

 NVBIEA (" His head is amongst the clouds"). This 

 is capable of various interpretations, but as Bowers 

 worked for the Court, and has put his name to the 

 production, it was probabh- in derision that he 



places the head of Monninutii in the clouds. There 

 can be no mistake about tiie fifth medal, executed by 

 Jan Smeltzing. In this the Duke's hair is short, 

 and there is no drapery. The head is surrounded 

 by the words jACoBfs INEEI.I.X nrx monimeth- 

 EN'SIS. On the reverse is the decollated head on 

 the ground spouting out blood and the words, Hrxc 



SANGi:iNEM LIBO DKU I.IBERATOKI ("His blood I 



pour out to God, the Deliverer"). Also c.tSA 

 CERVIX LON JULY ^5 1685 (" Neck cut, London, 

 July i:?,1685"). Thisistheleast rareof thesix medals. 

 On the last of the series is a bust of James II 

 resting on four sceptres, and so on. Neptune in his 

 car. and ships in the distance. On the reverse is a 

 pedestal inscribed, AMBITIO mai.esuada RUIT 

 (" Ill-advised ambition fails"): on it Justice, tramp- 

 ling on a serpent, weighs three crowns against the 

 sword, the torch and the serpent of Discord. At her 

 feet lie the bodies of Monmouth and .\rgyle : their 

 heads are on blocks inscribed, j.\COBUS de most 

 MOUT & ARCHIBALD D' ARGYL. Above, the Sun : on 

 one side, lightning darting against the forces dis- 

 comfited at Sedgemoor ; on the other are seen two 

 heads fixed over the gate of the Tower. Monmouth 

 was executed on Jul\- .5()th, 1685. It is curious to 

 note that the royal shield on the ob\erse has Scot- 

 land in the first and fourth quarters as on the 

 Scottish coins. The anti-Jacobite medal, the medal 

 of Princess Louise, daughter of the Old Pretender, 

 the Jacobite medal of 1745, the Hanoverian medal 

 of 1741 and the medal of Cardinal of York, Henrj- IX 

 of England, according to his tomb at St. Peter's, 

 bring the story of the Stuarts down to its close,* 

 illustrating the strong interest inherent in the studv 

 of these striking and instructive memorials of an 

 eventful past — Addison's " Critics in Rust." 



'See Figures 212 and 214 — 217. 



QUERIES. 



Readers arc invited to send in Onestioiis and to (Thskyt tlie Queries xc'liicli are printed liei 



4. MENDKLISM.— At a recent lecture I attended on 

 "■ Mendel's Law of Heredity " the lecturer explained how 

 from the union of dominant with recessive the result would 

 be : one dominant, two imaffectcd transmitters (dominants 

 apparently, hut with the faculty of breeding hybrids and 

 recessivesi and one recessive. The lecturer illustrated this by 

 the blending of a long pea with a dwarf pea. The offspring 

 would be (in proportion) as follows: One pure long pea ; two 

 apparent long peas, but also possessing the germ of the dwarf 

 pea ; and one pure dwarf pea. 



.\ gentleman who had not (]uite understood the lecturer on 

 this point, ciuestioned the latter afterwards, taking as example 

 soft English grain and hard Manitoba grain. The lecturer 

 explained the matter to him, showing how the result would be 

 one dominant, two unaffected transmitters and one recessive, 

 but stated that he could not say which kind of grain would be 

 the dominant. 



Now is there any means of telling beforehand in the case of 

 a blend which is going to be the dominant ? 



Possibly I may make my point clearer if I give another 

 example quoted by the lecturer — the case of a sweet seed and 

 a bitter seed. The result, said the lecturer, would be 

 — ll) one sweet : (2 and 3) two s\veets with the power of pro- 

 pagating s\veets and bitters and (4) one bitter. 



Now in this case the sweet seed is the dominant. Why 

 is this so? Why should not the result have been as follows: — 



(1) one bitter : (2 and 3) two bitters with the power of pro- 

 pagating bitters and sweets, and (4) one sweet. 



To sum up, in the case of a blend, how can you tell (if you 

 can tell), which is going to be the dominant and which 

 the recessive? S. F. G. 



5. ASTRONOMY. — In The Nautical Almanac under 

 Moon culminating Stars in the sixth column is given the 

 variation of the Moon's R. A. in one hour of longitude. 



/ have read uliat is said in the explanation, and I wish 

 to know, especially by an example from the \. A. of 1911 or 

 I9I2, how similar figures could be obtained direct ; (;.c., with- 

 out interpolation from tho,se given) for a place, say five and 

 a half hours, in east longitude, instead of at Greenwich. 



Ber.\rs, Indi.^. .a. G. W. 



6. WIND PRESSURE.— May I ask if some reader of 

 ■' Knowledge " would kindly explain why it is that wind 

 records are almost invariably given in terms of velocity, vi;;.. 

 in miles per hour, and are but rarely expressed in terms of 

 pressure, say, in pounds per square foot, which would seem to 

 be more directly and easily ascertained and would certainly 

 be of more practical use, at any rate for the purposes of the 

 engineer. I should also be glad to know if there is any 

 reliable instrument in use which records actual wind pressure 

 exerted on a given flat surface at stated periods. 



HVTHE. " W. P. 



