I'ln 



KNOWLIlDGi:. 



Mav. igi2. 



land, N. ami \V. In ICiiKlaiid, S.I^., it was iiioic than 

 four timusas iniicli as usual. On i\u: lOlh 1-06 inches (mostly 

 slcett fell at Markroc Castle, and 1-02 inches at Stonyhnrst. 



Sunshine was in defect in most parts, 

 but in Ireland, S. it was u little in 

 excess. The district values ranRcd 

 from an average of 2-2 hours per day 

 ill the Midlands to 4-5 hours per day 

 in Ireland. S. .At Westminster the 

 average was 1 ■ 5 hours per day or 

 13 per ceitf., while at Portsmouth it 

 was 4- 1 hours per day, or 34 per cent. 



The mean temperature of the sea 

 water was higher than usual and 

 ranged from 4r'-0 at Berwick to 4g"-0 

 at Newt|uay. The week ended March 

 30th was generally fair and dry over 

 the southern half of the Kingdom, but 

 elsewhere rain was frequently ex- 

 perienced. Thimderstorms occurred on 

 the 26th, 2')th and 30th, and showers 

 of hail, sleet, or snow were reported 

 at many northern stations late in the 

 week. 



Temperature was above the average 

 in all parts, by as much as 7°' 1 in 

 England, E., and inaxima of 60° and 

 above were common. The highest read- 

 ings were 63° at Norwich, Geldeston. 

 Kaunds and Margate on the 25th. 

 The minima were as a rule much 

 higher than in the preceding week, 

 and readings below freezing were re- 

 ported only in Scotland, E., where 

 minima of 28° were observed at Nairn 

 and Balmoral. In Guernsey the lowest 

 reading was 43°. On the grass the lowest 

 reading recorded was 22° at Buxton. 

 The earth temperature was again higher 

 than usual. Rainfall was in excess in 

 Scotland, England, N.W., and Ireland, N.. 

 but in defect elsewhere. 

 In Scotland the amounts 

 collected were in many 

 instances more than 

 twice as much as usual. 

 At Glencarron and at 

 Fort William the total 

 for the week exceeded 

 three inches. Sunshine 

 was in excess in Scot- 

 land, N. and the Eastern 

 districts, and in defect 

 elsewhere. In Scotland. 

 E. the average was 5 • 7 

 hours per day, or 45 per 

 cent., while in Ireland, 

 N. it was only 2-5 hours 

 or 20 per cent. At indi- 

 vidual stations the con- 

 trast was still more 

 marked, Aberdeen hav- 

 ing 6-4 hours per day (51 

 per cent.), while Valencia 

 bad only 1 • 8 hours per 

 day or 15 per cent. 



The temperature of the 

 sea water ranged from 

 41° at Berwick and Scar- 

 borough to 52° at Scilly. 



The week ended .^pril 

 6th, was generally fair 



except in the N. and N.W. Early in the week sleet and snow 

 showers were experienced over a considerable area. Tem- 

 perature was again above the average in all districts, the 

 greatest excess being 3°-8 in England, E. The highest 



Figure 219. Key to I'igurc 218. 



individual readings were also in l-'ngland, E., being 69 at 

 Cl.icton and Geldeston on the 6th, and 68" at Cambridge, 

 Felixstowe and Kaunds on the same day. In Jersey the 

 highest reading was only 57'. In spite 

 of the high maxima frost was reported 

 in all districts except the English 

 Channel. The lowest readings were 

 27° on the 2nd at West Linton and 

 Llangammarch Wells. On the grass 

 the lowest reading was 19° at Worksop; 

 20° was reported at a number of 

 stations. At one foot and at four feet 

 below the surface the ground was still 

 warmer than usual, but the excess was 

 less marked than in previous weeks. 

 Rainfall was more than three times 

 the average in Scotland. N. In Scot- 

 land. W. it was also in excess, but in 

 Scotland. E. it was normal, and in all 

 other districts it was in defect. In 

 the Midland Counties and in Ireland N. 

 the total fall was less than one-third 

 the usual amount. Sunshine was above 

 the average in England. E.. S.E.. and 

 N.W.. and in the Midlands, while in 

 Scotland, W. it was normal, and in 

 the other districts it was in defect. 

 The sunniest district was England, S.E. 

 with an average of 5-9 hours per day 

 (46%) ; the sunniest station was Margate 

 with 7-1 hours per day (55%). -At 

 Westminster the average was 5-0 hours 

 per day (39%). The mean temperature 

 of the sea water varied from 41-4 at 

 Berwick to 51 '-8 at Scilly. 



MICROSCOPY. 



By F.R.M.S. 

 FRLTT OF SMVKNIUM. — The 

 structure of the fruits of Umbellifers 

 (parsleys, carrots, hemlocks, and so on). 

 is particularly w-ell seen 

 in niicroscopical sections, 

 and it wouldbe interesting 

 to form a collection of 

 such preparations illus- 

 trating our native species. 

 Some of the leading char- 

 acters may be seen in 

 Figure 218. taken from 

 vrt-^cw/fl'' '' photomicrograph of 

 InL^Vz a transverse section 

 of the double fruit of 

 ft/'^oc Siiiyyiiiuiit. Externally 



there are in this form 

 three prominent ridges 

 on each half of the fruit, 

 the two internal ones 

 blending with the cor- 

 responding ridges of the 

 opposite side. Inside 

 these we find the five 

 v.ascular bundles ; these 

 ridges are therefore 

 jiiga primaria. jiiga 

 sccoiiditria being ridges 

 not corresponding in posi- 

 tion to vascular bundles. 

 (Figure 220 shows the re- 

 lation of bundles to ridges 

 in the stem of the sun- 

 flower.) We note also 

 the centrally-placed carpophore : the vittae. or oil canals, in 

 this instance closely surrounding the endosperm, which 

 encloses the embryo (see also Figure 219). By some authors 

 the order is classified according to the form assumed by the 



Figure 218. Transverse section of the 

 double fruit of Siiiyrniuin. 



For description see Figure 21J). 



U-QOl bfliy^O.n^ 



