﻿178 
  History 
  op 
  Durham. 
  

  

  also 
  as 
  joists, 
  and 
  resting 
  upon 
  tlie 
  plates. 
  If 
  the 
  roof 
  is 
  

   framed, 
  the 
  rafters 
  are 
  raised 
  directly 
  above 
  and 
  in 
  line 
  with 
  

   the 
  joists 
  or 
  last 
  tier, 
  and 
  the 
  collar-beams 
  are 
  nailed 
  to 
  the 
  

   rafters, 
  giving 
  one 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  more 
  tiers 
  in 
  the 
  roof. 
  Cabin 
  

   roofs 
  are 
  usually 
  built 
  — 
  that 
  is, 
  each 
  gable 
  is 
  built 
  up 
  with 
  

   logs 
  of 
  decreasing 
  length, 
  with 
  their 
  ends 
  beveled, 
  the 
  long 
  

   side 
  down, 
  to 
  the 
  last 
  and 
  shortest, 
  which 
  is 
  notched 
  in 
  the 
  

   centre 
  for 
  the 
  ridge 
  pole 
  of 
  the 
  roof. 
  Each 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  gable 
  

   log 
  is 
  laid 
  upon 
  a 
  roof 
  pole, 
  which 
  extends 
  the 
  full 
  length 
  

   of 
  the 
  barn, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  shortening 
  of 
  these 
  logs 
  the 
  roof 
  

   poles 
  form 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  the 
  slant 
  of 
  the 
  roof, 
  which 
  is 
  

   crowned 
  by 
  the 
  ridge 
  pole. 
  Into 
  these 
  roof 
  poles 
  the 
  collar- 
  

   beams 
  are 
  let 
  in 
  the 
  cabin 
  roof. 
  The 
  walls 
  for 
  a 
  barn 
  20 
  

   feet 
  square, 
  when 
  completed, 
  contain 
  about 
  twenty 
  logs 
  

   each, 
  j)]ates 
  included, 
  and 
  are 
  about 
  16 
  feet 
  high. 
  The 
  

   cracks 
  are 
  then 
  closely 
  chincked 
  and 
  daubed 
  with 
  mud, 
  to 
  

   which 
  lime 
  enough 
  has 
  been 
  added 
  to 
  make 
  it 
  adhere 
  well, 
  

   and 
  doors 
  4 
  feet 
  square 
  are 
  cut 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  or 
  south 
  side 
  

   and 
  are 
  provided 
  with 
  very 
  closely-fitting 
  shutters. 
  

  

  THE 
  FLUES. 
  

  

  The 
  Smith 
  patent 
  is 
  the 
  one 
  most 
  commonly 
  used. 
  Fur- 
  

   naces 
  are 
  built, 
  if 
  the 
  barn 
  is 
  properly 
  located, 
  on 
  the 
  east 
  

   side; 
  and, 
  if 
  the 
  ground 
  is 
  rightly 
  inclined, 
  only 
  one 
  log 
  

   need 
  be 
  sawed 
  out, 
  which 
  is 
  done 
  4 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  corner 
  

   next 
  to 
  both 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  the 
  south 
  w^alls. 
  The 
  arch 
  is 
  

   of 
  brick 
  or 
  fire-proof 
  stone, 
  5 
  feet 
  long, 
  projecting 
  externally 
  

   18 
  inches. 
  The 
  walls 
  are 
  built 
  of 
  brick, 
  two 
  bricks 
  thick, 
  

   and 
  2 
  feet 
  apart, 
  18 
  inches 
  high, 
  4 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  walls 
  of 
  

   the 
  barn, 
  the 
  space 
  being 
  filled 
  with 
  dry 
  earth, 
  and 
  the 
  

   space 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  carefully 
  filled 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  log. 
  A 
  

   covering 
  is 
  then 
  made 
  over 
  the 
  external 
  arch, 
  running 
  the 
  

   length 
  of 
  the 
  barn, 
  and 
  an 
  ashbed 
  is 
  dug 
  out 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  

   the 
  opening 
  of 
  each 
  arch. 
  The 
  iron 
  flue 
  pipes 
  are 
  let 
  in 
  

   about 
  6 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  floors 
  of 
  the 
  arches, 
  and 
  the 
  cracks 
  

   are 
  stopped 
  with 
  clay. 
  In 
  order 
  to 
  give 
  the 
  greatest 
  heat- 
  

   ing 
  capacity, 
  the 
  flues 
  are 
  built 
  one 
  foot 
  from 
  the 
  north, 
  the 
  

   west, 
  and 
  the 
  south 
  walls, 
  and, 
  as 
  a 
  protection 
  against 
  lire, 
  

   when 
  this 
  is 
  done 
  a 
  thin 
  wall 
  is 
  built 
  between 
  the 
  pipes 
  and 
  

   the 
  ground 
  sills, 
  running 
  from 
  where 
  the 
  pipe 
  joins 
  the 
  fur- 
  

   nace 
  6 
  feet 
  along 
  the 
  flue, 
  the 
  distance 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  pipes 
  

   are 
  heated 
  red. 
  The 
  pipes 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  No. 
  24 
  iron, 
  except 
  

  

  