KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



[June 2, 1882. 



peopled, Uii" earth's population iroithl b-' 30,400,000,000. 

 Assuming the present population to be 1,500,000,000, and 

 gripposing it henceforth to incrtase at the rate of 1 4 per rent. 

 per annum, hoir man;/ //enn icould elapse before the earth'n 

 /wptilation trouhl na-h'thin iiumber — i.e. 700 to the square 

 mile of land / 



The population increasing in the ratio of 1015 to 1000 

 each year, if n he the required number of years, we have 

 the following relation : — 



(l,.-)00,000,000) A9^^V= 30,400,000,000 

 \1000/ 

 or 15(1 015)" =304 

 Taking logarithms of both sides, we have — 



n log. (1-015) = log. 304 - log. 15 

 or 71(0-0064000) = 2-.5011014 - 117G0i)13 

 _ 13850101 

 *"" " ~ 04600 



= 21 4 1 years very nearly. 

 Here is another curious question. Supposing the popu- 

 l.ition of England and Wales to increase at the rate of U 

 jier cent per annum, and not to be atlected l)y emigration, 

 how long would it be before the population would increase 

 from 20,000,000 till there would be one person to the 

 s(juare yard, or, roughly, 10,000 times as many persons as 

 tlierc are at present? To determine this, we have, taking 

 . for the number of years, 

 .1015y, 



Or, « log. (1015) = 4 



T... 4000000 rin ^ 



Whence n = — —= Gl 9 years nearly. 



0400 



-So that, apart from emigration, war, plague, pestilence, or 

 famine, the population of England and Wales, si.x cen- 

 turies hence, would be one to the square yard. 



In a quarter of the above time, say in 154 years, the 

 population of England, apart from such causes, would be 

 ten times as great as at present, or there would be about 

 -4,500, instead of about 450 to the square mile. 



: 10000 



OUR ANCESTORS. 



IV.— THE FINAL MIXTURE. 

 By Grant Allen. 



AFTER the English settlement in south-eastern Britain, 

 two other ethnical elements of less importance were 

 added at dirtV-rent times to the iiopulation of our islands. 

 Both were originally Scandinavian (and therefore Aryan) 

 by descent, but more or less mi.xed with other strains from 

 elsewhere. The fir.st was that of th(! heathen Scandinavians 

 from the north. In the eighth and ninth centuries, largo 

 bodies of Danes and Northmen began to settle all round 

 the coasts of Britain. In Ireland they occupied all the 

 large river mouths and liavens, such as iJublin, Wexford, 

 Waterford, and Cork, where they formed a set of Scandi- 

 navian colonies which gradually coalesced with the native 

 CeltrEuskarian population. In Scotland they seized upon 

 Caithness, Sutherland, and Ros.s, on the mainland, to- 

 gether with Orkney, Shetland, and the whole of the 

 Western Isles, from Lewis to Arran. In Wales they 

 founded a few minor settlements around the south-west 

 coast, near Milford Haven. Finally, in England itself, 

 they occupied all Northumbria (including our York.shire), 

 all Lincolnshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, and the greater part 

 of the midlands. Important Danish "hosts" had their 

 centres at Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Huntingdon, 



Northampton, and Bedford. Norwegians also settled 

 in the Lake J)istrict, till then peopled exclusively 

 by the Stratholyde \\'elsh. How large an element 

 in the population these Scandinavian invaders formed 

 it would, perhaps, be ditlicult to estimate ; but they 

 must certainly have made a great accession to the number 

 of light and fair-haired Aryan colonists. At the same 

 time, since they came as mere pirates, they did not bring 

 their women with them ; and they therefore int(!rmarricil 

 with the people of each district where they settled. Nor 

 did they at all exterminate the earlier inhabitants. In 

 Ireland their blood was thus almost lost in the prevalent 

 Oclt-lviskarian type; iu the Lake district and the Scotch 

 lli;,dilands it has hardly had much more permanent in- 

 lluencc ; but in Eastern England, where the Scandinavians 

 intermixed with the purest Aryan stock left in Britain, 

 tlu-y must ha^■e afforded a very considerable reinforcement 

 to the light type, and their fair liair has certainly left its 

 mark upon a large part of the population. 



The second Scandinavian admixture came later and more 

 indirectly with the Normans from Normandy under William 

 the Conqueror. These Normans were originally Danes like 

 those who colonised eastern England ; but they had inter- 

 married with the native women of Ncustria (northern 

 France), where they settled ; and the Neustrians were, of 

 course, Celtic Gauls, largely intermixed with Euskarian 

 elements. ^Moreover, the Conquest brought over, not these 

 lialflireed Normans alone, but many pure Celt-Euskarian - 

 (iauls or Frenchmen from the neighbouring provinces as 

 well, together with a considerable sprinkling of pure Celt- 

 Euskarian Bretons from Brittany — a very dark stock, like 

 the Black Celts of Ireland and Scotland. Accordingly, so 

 far as numerical preponderance of the dark ''and light 

 races goes, the Norman Conquest left things in Britain 

 pretty much where they were before. 



Thus, then, to sum up the general result of this brief 

 inquiry, we may say that the ethnical composition of 

 modern Britain is somewhat after the following fashion. 

 First, there is a substratum or oldest stage of dark, non- 

 Ai-yan people, whom we call Euskarians for convenience, 

 anil who are the descendants of the ^■ery earliest aboriginal 

 inhal)itants in recent times, the Neolithic folk. These 

 Euskarians are now nowhere to be found in very great 

 purity, for they have married in with the later Aryan 

 invaders till both are at present well-nigh indistinguishable. 

 But thev are still found in a f.iiily unii.ixrd form among 

 tin- iilack Celts of Ireland and Srothimi, uh.Te one or two 

 litlle communities yet remain alnnisi iihuIIiiimI in the wilds 

 of Connaught or the highlands of the central Scotch hills. 

 They are also more Kj)arscly recognisable in many parts of 

 England itself, especially in the Yorkshire plain, in Lincoln- 

 shire, and along the Severn valley. And they are fairly 

 freciiicnt in Wild Wale.s. All over the country, too, persons 

 or families of this dark early type occur here and there 

 sporadically. Indeed, it is probable that some relics of 

 Euskarian blood survive everywhere in Britain, and that 

 every one of us is more nr less remotely descended on one 

 side or the other from neolithic ancestors. Dark children 

 of true Euskarian type are liable to be born fiom time to 

 time in alino.st all families. It may be well to add also, in 

 a .science which is so personal to mo.st of us as ethnology, 

 that there is absolutfdy no sullicient proof that any one 

 type or race in Britain is mentally or morally superior to 

 any other. We must not fall into the easy habit of sup- 

 posing that an earier race is necessarily either a better or 

 a worse one : the facts do not go to prove either supposition. 



Secondly, there is a superstratum or later stagi; of light 

 Aryan people, who have broken over the islands in three 

 distinct waves — Celtic, English, and Scandinavian, and 



