Nov. 10, 



KNOWLEDGE 



387 



attention to the -wonderful diversity of chest development 

 in tliese four chests. The left-hand figures in each are 

 Lapithw, and the contrast between their well-developed but 

 elegant frames and the coarser types of the Centaurs is 

 worth careful examination, both as an artistic and as an 

 anatomical study. But the two Lapitha; are also distin- 

 guished from each other, as are the two Centaurs. Of the 

 two former, the one in Fig. 3 is the more powerful, but 

 the otlier in Fig. -1 is more perfect. We know nothing 

 in ancient or modern sculpture surpassing in beauty this 

 perfectly-developed trunk. 



THE TRICYCLE AS AN AID TO 

 PHOTOGRAPHY. 



By John Browning, 



Treasurer o/ the London Tricycle Club. 



IT is too little known what important assistance is to 

 be obtained by using the tricycle ivhen taking views 

 by photography. 



The use of the rapid dry gelatine plates has wonderfully 

 simplified the apparatus required, and greatly reduced its 

 weight, but an efficient set of apparatus, with say only 

 three dark backs, containing six dry plates, with lens, 

 camera, tripod-stand, and case, weighs from 101b. to .50 lb., 

 according to the size of plates used. The lowest weight 

 given will be about the weight of the apparatus required 

 for taking views 4| by 3] in., known as quarter-plate size. 

 The highest weight is that of apparatus for taking views 

 SJin. by 6^ in., known as whole plate size. But the sizes 

 most generally used when touring are .3 in. by 4 in., or 

 6h in. by -IJ in. The camera and apparatus for taking the 

 first of these sizes would weigh about 1-5 lb., and that re- 

 quired for the second, known as half-plate size, weighs, in 

 case complete, about 20 lb. 



Xow, few persons are satisfied to take pictures less than 

 the last-named size, and 20 lb. is a considerable weight to 

 carry for even four or five miles. But it is a weight that 

 would be taken but little account of on a tricycle. 



Mr. Herbert Salmon, the energetic captain of the 

 London Tricycle Club, has recently had a set of dry-plate 

 apparatus, weighing 20 lb., arranged on a Coventry Rotary 

 Tricycle. He has so contrived that the apparatus shall 

 hang as much below the tricycle as possible, so as to lower 

 the centre of gravity of the whole machine, and he has 

 placed it close to the single driving-wheel, which increases 

 its grip on tlie ground. Attached in this ingenious 

 manner to the macliine, it adds to its steadiness, and pre- 

 vents the slipping of the driving-wheel. The benefit thus 

 received goes far to neutralise the small disadvantage of 

 the extra weight, for on a tricycle travelling at a pace not 

 exceeding seven miles an liour, 20 lb. is a weight that may 

 be neglected. 



The form of the Coventry Rotary Tricycle seems best 

 suited to carry pliotographic apparatus, when arranged as 

 I have described by Mr. Salmon, because the tripod for 

 supporting the camera can bo strapped on to the long bar 

 which carries the two steering-wheels, but by the exercise 

 of a little ingenuity, nearly any tricycle can be made to 

 carry the apparatus almost equally well. For instance, 

 with any front-wheel steerer the case containing tlio 

 camera, lens, and dark slides may be strapped just behind 

 the rider, underneath the seat, while the tripod stand, 

 which in all properly-contrived portable apparatus is now 

 made so that it either folds or slides into half the length, 

 can be strapped on to the main axle. 



As an instance of what varied work can be done with 

 the camera, I may mention that Mr. Salmon sent me, 

 within a week or two after he had adapted his apparatus 

 to the tricycle, a view of Merstham Church, some views of 

 Lingfield, a portrait of a favourite pug dog, a group of 

 members of the London Tricycle Club before starting for 

 Eastbourne, and an instantaneous view of the sands from 

 a clifl' in the Isle of Wight. 



In the last view every ripple in the water is sharply 

 defined, and one tiny speck about the size of a small pin's 

 head, when examined with a magnifying lens, is seen 

 clearly to be a lady dipping a child in the sea. 



'Mr. Salmon had not had any previous experience in 

 photography. 



It is evident that many other uses may be made of a 

 photographic apparatus besides those so briefly indicated 

 As well as views of any locality within twenty miles of 

 the photographer, he could take interiors of churches, or 

 other fine buildings, regattas, cricket matches, lawn-tennis 

 parties, or portraits of friends or groups in their own 

 houses or grounds. In all such cases the tricycle affords a 

 re£idy means of conveying the photographic apparatus to 

 the required spot. 



WAS RAMBSES II. THE PHARAOH 

 OF THE OPPRESSION? 



By A.meli.v B. Edward.s. 



XIII.— TEL ABOO-SOOLEYMAN. 



"Vl O local landmark, no corrupt survival of its historic 

 il name, indicates the site of Pithom, or Pa-Tum. 

 There are, however, at the western extremity of Wady 

 Tumilat two mounds which divide the honour of repre- 

 senting that city of sorrowful fame. The one is called 

 Tel Aboo-Sooleyman ; the other, Tel-el-Kebeer. Tel Aboo- 

 Sooleyman — " the Hill of father Sooleyman,'' so-called 

 after some native Shcykh — lies a little to the south 

 of the western mouth of the valley, about ten miles 

 from the mounds of Bubastis, as the crow flies. Tel-el- 

 Kebeer — " the Big Mound " — now so famous as the scene 

 of the victory of September 1 3, is situate some six miles 

 along the valley as it trends from West to East. There is 

 a small lake near Tel Aboo-Sooleyman, and there are 

 several muddy ponds near Tel-el-Kebeer, all of which were 

 anciently of larger e.xtent, and which even now contain a 

 considerable body of water when the canals are swelled by 

 the annual inundation. Either the lake or the ponds 

 might represent the " Pools of Pa-Tum," near which the 

 Shasu, it will be remembered, sought and obtained per- 

 mis.sion to pasture their herds, in the Vlllth year of 

 Menephthah (See No. .'lO of Knowledge, p. 325). Before 

 being allowed to pass the "fortress" — that fortress which 

 the Hebrews were levied to build by forced labour — tlie 

 strangers' names were entered on a " list," or register, just 

 as the names of travellei-s are now entered in the official 

 books at Prussian and Italian frontier-towns. 



Tel Aboo-Sooleynian, for the reason that it is so niucli 

 nearer to ancient Bubastis than is Tel-el-Kebeer, would 

 best answer to the description given by Herodotus, who, 

 writing of the canal, says (as before noted) tliat it was 

 "derived from the Nile a lillfr above Bubastis, near tlie 

 city of Patumus " (Pa-Tum). Now " above " means further 

 south, all such phrases as "upper" and "lower," "above" 

 and " below," having regard in Egypt to the course of thi 

 Nile ; and a glance at our sketch-map (see Knowledgi; 

 No. 52, p. 357) will sliow how correctly, as regards latitude. 



