484 



KNOWLEDGE. 



Dkckmber, 1910. 



gold and silver was levied from the eonquered Koreans. The 

 discovery of native copper in Japan in 70S A.I")., created such 

 a stir that the era was officially termed Wado (meaning fine 

 copper), the lucky discoverers themselves (of Korean descent) 

 were appointed Governors of Provinces, and the inhabitants of 

 the region were released from all taxation. At this early 

 period were known such minerals as sulphur, alum, mica and 

 rock crystal, besides azurite, magnetite and other ores. 



Leaving the more modern development of the Japanese 

 mining industry to be gathered from the book itself, reference 

 may be made to another paper dealing with Korean geology. 

 Professor Koto writes in the Journal of the College of Science, 

 Imperial University of Tokyo (May, 1910), on the " Ct'o/og.v 

 and Ore Deposits of the Hol-go! Gold Mine." A granite is 

 intruded into various sediments among which is a limestone, 

 contact-metamorphosed into a lime-silicate-hornfels. Impreg- 

 nating this hornfels occur various copper sulphide minerals 

 and ilvaite (silicate of iron). The hornfels constitutes the 

 main ore-body (a poor ore-deposit also occurs within the 

 granite itself, developed either by descending waters of a 

 metallic solution or by decomposition of original pyrite). The 

 gold of the main ore-body seems to be closely associated with 

 the copper sulphides, but not with the ihaite, which latter is 

 shewn by microscopic examination to have crystallised out at 

 an early stage. Professor Koto regards the ore-deposit as 

 due to contact-metamorphism. The gold was not present 

 at the time of formation of the ilvaite; it is "juvenile" and 

 must have come from deep in the interior as an exudation 

 from the eutectic mixture of the granite magma in association 

 with mineralisers which at first acted as an acid on tlie 

 limestone and then afterwards metamorphosed it into lime- 

 silicate-hornfels. 



METEOROLOGY. 



By John A. Ci'rtis, 1'".K.Met.Soc. 



The weather of the week ended October 1 5th was better in 

 the Northern districts than in the Southern, where heavy rains 

 were experienced towards the end of the period. Temperature 

 was in excess of the average very generally ; rainfall was in 

 excess in the Midlands and Southern parts, but was in defect 

 elsewhere : while sunshine was in excess in Scotland, England, 

 N.W., and Ireland. N., and below the average in other 

 districts. The maxinnnn temperature reported varied from 

 70° on the English Channel to 60° in Scotland and Ireland, 

 while the minima ranged from 29° in Scotland to 42° in 

 Southern England. In London the lowest reading in the 

 screen was 44°, and on the grass 41°. Night frosts were not 

 severe as a rule. The lowest reported was 25° at Crathes, 

 with 26° at Balmoral, but at only ten stations did the exposed 

 thermometer register 30° or less. The mean temperature of 

 the sea water varied from 59° to 51°. Sunshine was most in 

 Scotbnd. N. (42%), and least in England, S.E. (10%). In the 

 latter district the total duration, eight hours, was the lowest 

 amount ever recorded there in a corresponding period. 



The week ended October 22nd opened with fair weather in 

 the North and East, but became unsettled in all districts. 

 Thunderstorms occurred on the 17th, and heavy rains in the 

 middle of the week, .•\urora was observed in Scotland on 

 the night of the ISth. Temperature was high generally; rain- 

 fall was in excess except in Scotland N. and W. and in 

 Ireland ; while sunshine was nearly everywhere deficient. 



The highest maximum reported was 63° at York, on the 

 16th, and all districts except Scotland N. had temperatures of 

 60° or upwards. The lowest minimum was 30° at Nairn and 

 at Balmoral. In Guernsey the minimum did not fall below 

 45°. The minimum on the grass was 25° at West Linton, 

 near Edinburgh. Rainfall was less than half the average in 

 Scotland N., but was more than double the average in 

 Scotland E. The sunniest stations were in the extreme \V. 

 (Valencia, 26'5 hours), and E. (Felixstowe, 26'1 hours), while 

 Glasgow had only 3"8 hours or 5% of the possible duration. 



The mean temperature of the sea water ranged from 50 '0 

 to 57-7. 



The weather of the week ended October 29th was mostly 

 dull but was fairly dry in all but the S.W. districts, where rain 

 was frequent. 



Temperature was above the aver.age everywhere ; rainfall 

 was less than usual except in the English Channel ; and 

 sunshine was deficient in all districts, and very much so in 

 some. The maximum temperatures recorded ranged from 

 67° in the English Channel to 55° in Scotland E., while the 

 minimum was as low as 32° at Nairn, in Scotland E., but in 

 Ireland the lowest reading did not fall below 43°. The 

 minima on the grass were not specially low for October, the 

 lowest being 27° at West Linton. Rainfall was extraordinarily 

 light in Scotland N. and W., and in Ireland N. Several 

 stations in Scotland W. were rainless this week. In spite of the 

 low rainfall the period was very dull, and at Birmingham and 

 Newcastle no bright sunshine was recorded during the week. 

 At Cambridge the total duration was only r4 hours, as 

 compared with an average of 2r4 hours. The highest 

 aggregates were 24'1 hours (34%) at Ramsgate, and 24'0 hours 

 at Plymouth. The temperature of the sea water varied from 

 46° to 56°. 



The week ended November 5th was generally rough and 

 squally with a good deal of rain and low temperature, but 

 with abundant sunshine. Thunderstorms were reported 

 at many stations on November 1st, and an earthquake 

 was felt at Scilly on October 30th. Although the average 

 temperature was everywhere low, maxima up to 60° were 

 recorded at Tottenham. At Greenwich the maximum 

 was only 55°. Readings below freezing point were reported 

 in each district except the English Channel, where 

 the minimum was 41°. The lowest temperature for the 

 week, 2i° on November 5th, occurred at Marlborough. The 

 minimum on the grass fell to 17° at West Linton and at 

 Llangammarch Wells. Rainfall was in excess in all districts 

 except Scotland E. and England N.E., but sunshine was also in 

 excess almost everywhere. The largest aggregate of sunshine 

 was 3r4 hours (46%) at l-'almouth, and the smallest 6'5 hours 

 (10%) at Westminster. The mean temperature of the sea 

 varied from 56°'2 at Plvmouth to 46°'3 at Ballintrae, in 

 Scotland W. 



The week ended No\'ember 12th was very rough and 

 unsettled, with frequent rains. Snow and sleet were reported 

 in Scotland and the North of ICngland. Thunderstorms 

 occurred at .several stations. Temperature was much below 

 the average in all districts. In Scotland E. the highest reading 

 reported was only 46°, but in all other districts maxima of 

 51° or upwards were recorded. The lowest minimum was 

 17" at West Linton on the 10th. At Newton Rigg on the same 

 day the minimum was 20 . At Jersey, however, the extremes 

 were 58° and 35°. Rainfall was in excess in all districts except 

 England, S.E. ; in some districts the excess was 30% or more. 

 Sunshine was in excess in all parts except Scotland, W., where 

 it was normal. The largest aggregate reported was 34"6 (54%) 

 at Ramsgate, the lowest being 5'9 hours (9%,) at Prestwich, 

 near Manchester. The mean temperature of the sea water 

 varied from 56°'2 at Plymouth to 40 '9 at Pennan Bay, on the 

 east coast of Scotland. 



A " ballon-sonde," sent up at Pyrton Hill on October 6th, 

 was found at Basingstoke. The Meteorograph record showed 

 that a height of 17km.. or lOi miles, had been attained, with a 

 temperature of 206" on the ab.solute scale, or — 67°C. 



COST OF SNOWFALL.— The .accounts for the City of 

 Manchester, for 1909-10, show that the cost of the remo\al of 

 snow in that city during the year amounted to ;^, 5,941. 



TEMPERATURE OF LONDON IN OCTOBER.— The 



temperature in Camden Square, London, in October 1910, was 

 53'''8, or 3°'8 above the average of fifty years. This temperature 

 has been exceeded in four previous Octobers. The month was, 

 however, specially noteworthy for its high minima, the lowest 

 readings of the month, both in the screen and on the grass, 

 being higher than in any previous October since the records 

 were conunenced. 



