230 



KNOWLEDGE. 



[October 2, 1899. 



each group. In dealing with the four great divisions of mankind, 

 the author discards the use of the term Aryan, and adopts 

 instead that of Caucasic. As he points out, " Aryan " is a 

 linguistic expression forced by the philologists into the domain of 

 ethnology, and the Aryan prototype has vanished as completely 

 as the Aryan mother tongue. The term Caucasic. as used by 

 him, is a symbol to denote those peoples in whom we recognize 

 " a common racial stamp on the facial expression, the structure 

 of the hair, partly, also, in the bodily proportions, in all of which 

 they agree more with each other than with the other main 

 divisions." and in no Wiiy implies that they originated in the 

 region of the Caucasus. In regard to the question of origin, 

 whilst admitting that no final answer can yet be given, he 

 supports the view that Africa north of the Sudan was probably 

 the cradle-land of this vast race. Upholding in many respects 

 the views of Sergi, in regard to the diffusion of the Mediterranean 

 races, he succeeds in shedding additional light on the identity 

 of the language of the Basques and Berbers. Id liis account of 

 the characteristic appearances of the eye, the author, in several 

 instances, falls into error. Thus, in describing the eyes of the 

 Sudanese and Oceanic negroes, he states that thej- have a 

 yellowish or dirty-yellowish cornea. Now the cornea is the 

 transparent medium through which the colour of the iris is 

 visible. The " white of the eye,'' to which he undoubtedly 

 refers, is the sclerotic overlain by the conjunctiva. This is a 

 minor detail no doubt, but in such a work accuracy is essential. 

 "Whilst our existing state of knowledge is such as to preclude 

 the settlement of many of the vexed questions involved in racial 

 affinities and migrations, and whilst we cannot in all respects 

 agree with the author's conclusions, yet we are bound to say 

 that he has stated his case clearly, and has laid the student of 

 anthropology under a deep debt of gratitude. We venture to 

 predict a great success for this the latest addition to the Cam- 

 bridge Geographical Series. 



,-1 liwisiun Prorince of the North. By Alexander Platonovich 

 Engelhardt. Translated from the Russian by Henry Cooke. 

 (Constable.) Illustrated. Lis. The Province of Archangel, 

 which is that dealt with in this book, is an exceedingly large 

 one, embracing the whole of the northern seaboard of European 

 Russia, a country about which little is known by the general 

 public, and into which comparatively few Englishmen have 

 penetrated. The author, the Governor of this Province, is a 

 man of distinctly progressive ideas, which he has the energy 

 aud the resource not only to plan but to carry out ; but our 

 author is an official, and in this book betrays the presence of 

 those rose-coloured spectacles through which an official in his 

 own Province must see or seem to see many things. Bearing 

 this in mind, and the fact that the country visited was always 

 prepared for the advent of a high official, and he a Russian, the 

 book will be found to be very instructive and in many parts 

 entertaining reading. It contains many interesting statistics, 

 especially regarding the fisheries of the Arctic Ocean, as well as 

 a certain amount of light history and some airy tales, without 

 which no book of travel is complete. The most important 

 matter dealt with is without doubt the development of the 

 northern coast of the Kola Peninsula, and the establishing of 

 the new port of Ekaterina, which was officially opened only 

 last July. This is in reality the onlj- Russian port which is 

 ice-free the whole year round. The harbour is a good one, but 

 too small to make the place of anj' importance from a uaval 

 point of view. Whether there is enough trade to justify the 

 very large amount of money that has been spent upon the new 

 '• town '' and harbour itself is not for us to judge, but if in 

 years to come a railway is run tlirough the Kola Peninsula 

 straight to St. Petersburg, Ekaterina wUl no doubt be a place 

 of some importance commercially. For this reason it is a great 

 pity that no better site for it could be found than a land of 

 rocky hills and mossy bogs. Naturalists will find little of 

 interest in the book unless they intend visiting part of the 

 country of which it treats, in which case we can heartily 

 recommend it for its statistics and accurate detail as regards 

 distances to be traversed and means of travelling. 



Insects; their Structure and Life. A Primer of Entomology. 

 By George H. Carpenter, B.sc.fLOXD.). (J. M. Dent & Co.) °In 

 the compilation of his very complete introduction to a fascinating 

 study, Mr. Carpenter has made full use of the standard works 

 of Prof. Packard and Dr. Sharp : and the list of upwards of 

 two hundred authorities quoted in the valuable bibliography 



which forms an appendix to the volume, shows that his desire 

 for accuracy has made him neglect the question of trouble 

 altogether. Several of the well-chosen illustrations which the 

 author has reproduced from Bulletins of the Division of 

 Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture, 

 accentuate in a very decided manner the good work done by the 

 very liberal distribution which that De|)artment makes of the 

 numerous monographs prepared by the officers in its various 

 divisions. Mr. Carpenter's experience in the Dublin Museum 

 of .Science and Art, and his work for the Royal Dubhn Society, 

 have served him in good stead, and the consequence is that the 

 beginner will here find an elementary account of the chief 

 characteristics of insect life and habits which is altogether 

 trustworthy. 



Romhles viih Xature Student-^. By Mrs. Brightwen, f.e.s. 

 (Religious Tract Society.) Illustrated. 5s. Young people 

 just beginning to take an intelligent interest in stones, mosses, 

 insects, birds, and the thousand-and-one things which, taken in 

 the aggregate, lend such inexhaustible charm to outdoor life, 

 wUl find in 3Irs. Brightwen's ••Rambles with Xature Students " 

 a most helpful companion and guide -^a sort of mental microscope 

 enabling them to discern beauties and varieties in the objects to 

 be met with everywhere in the country. The book is divided 

 into twelve parts, each part being assigned to one of the months 

 of the j'ear, and so the student who begins his studies with the 

 aid of this charming little auxiliary need not wait for any 

 particular season, but is provided with mental food ready to 

 hand everj'where. Just such objects are selected for January 

 and the rest of the months as are available and convenient for 

 description at the time. The volume is handsomely bound, well 

 printed, and tastefully illustrated, and, as such, is very suitable 

 as a prize for 3'oung boys and girls in elementary schools. 



The IJunlerian Oration, 1809. By Sir William MacCormac. 

 (Smith, Elder & Co.) '2s. lid. Hunter was celebrated alike as a 

 great surgeon, a profound biologist, and a man of genius. One 

 way of keeping him in memory is by means of the Hunterian 

 Oration, dehvered in the Theatre of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons, in alternate years, on the 14th February — Hunter's 

 birthdaj-. This year's oration contains only a slight biographical 

 sketch. Sir William dwelling more in detail on the great surgeon's 

 never-to-be-forgotten work on aneurism, venereal diseases, 

 animal heat, gun-shot wounds, and inflammation, and it is 

 remarkable how little has been done during the last hundred 

 years, in certain directions, by way of improvement on the 

 surgical operations initiated by Hunter. The oration is re- 

 produced in large type, wide margins, and handsome cover, and 

 thus forms a pleasing medium for acquiring readily a knowledge 

 of the main facts concerning a master of organic science. 

 1 » 



BOOKS RECEIVED. 



Darwin on Trial at the Old Bailei/. By Demoeritus. (Universal 

 Press, Limited, Watford.) 2s. 



Elementari) Practical Phi/sics. By F. Castle. (Nelson.) lUus- 



ated. 2s, 



The Logic of Vegetarians. By H. S. Salt. (Ideal PubUsliiug 

 i ion.) Is. 



x'he Teaching of Languages during the early period of a Deaf 

 Child's School Life. By Lydia Bee. (Boval Institution for the 

 Deiif, Derby.) Is. 6d. 



Shi/mes of Roadj Sail, and Biver. Bv E, Derby. (Arrowsmith.) 

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Sandbooi for Canterhurg. British Association, Dover, 1899. 

 (Oliserver OlEce, Dover.) 



.1 Glance at Current Histoni. By John Cusson§. (Cussons, 

 May & Co.) 



the Historg of the European Fauna. By K. F. ScharfE. (Scott ) 63. 



Accentia : A Sgsteni of Accented and Abbreviated Shorthand. By 

 Armistead Cay. (Blaekett, Bath.) 2s. 6d. 



The Universal Illusion of Free fVill and Criminal Responsibiliiii. 

 By A. Hamon. (Univeraal Press, Watford.) 3s. 6d. 



Directory : Science and Art Department. Revised to July, 1899. 

 (Eyre & Spottiswoode.) 6d. 



Randbook : British Association, Dover, 1899. {Standard Office, 

 Dover. ) 



The Pathology of Emotions. By Ch. Fere. Translated by Robt. 

 Park. M.D. (Universal Press, Watfoi-d.) 15s. 



Carvell's Nursery Handbook with Hints. (George Barber.) Is. 



Laboratory Manual. By H. W. Hillyer. (Maemillan ) Illustrated. 

 ■Is. net. 



The Wheat Problem. By Sir Wm. Crookes. (Murray.) 2s. 6d. 



