282 



KNOWLEDGE. 



[December 1, 1899. 



addition to scieutific literature. The tables of genera with 

 which the chapters are provided have been prepared with the 

 assistance of Messrs. Beddard and De Winton. 

 ^ Cries „>„/ Call Nutcs of Wild Birds. By C. A. AVitchell. (Upcotfc 

 (rill.) Is. This little book, which has been on our table some time, 

 has unfortunately been overlooked. It merits a notice if only on 

 account of the author being the pioneer and one of the only 

 systematic .students of bird-song. The purpose of the present 

 book is " to so describe the notes of our most familiar birds that 

 the reader may easily acquire a tolerably intimate knowledge of 

 them, and thus be led to make independent observation.'' °The 

 book is divided into four portions, dealing witli town birds, 

 woodland birds, upland birds, and waterside birds. Only the 

 commoner species are dealt with, and the reader is often helped 

 with musical notation. With the town and woodland birds 

 our author deals at some length, and in a very interesting way, 

 and for his useful and instructive notes on these speefes the 

 book is certainly one to be invested in by every bird lover. But 

 Mr. Witchell is evidently little acquainted with the cries and 

 call notes of the shore and sea birds. 



The December number of T/ie Studio will include a sixteen 

 page supplement devoted to illustrated reviews of the most 

 important new books of an artistic character. 



We have on our table a Diary for the year 1900. It contains 

 a monthly ephemeris, celestial phenomena for the year, astro- 

 nomical summary, principal observatories and refractors of the 

 world, and all the tables ordinarily required in the observatory, 

 as weU as postal and other information of general utility. The 

 Diary affords writing space to the extent of one whole page per 

 day, and although published especially for the Koyal Navy, 

 will be found exceedingly useful to all who are interested in 

 astronomy. The book may be obtained of the publishers of 

 " Lean's Royal Xavy List," 326, High Ilolborn, London, and the 

 price is three shillings. 



Messrs. Lumitre & Son's photographic plates and papers are 

 well known to, and apjireciated by the photographing public, 

 but possibly their chemicals have not hitherto had a like 

 appreciation. This, however, ought not to be, ami we imagine 

 that .such names as diamidojihenol, diamidoresorcine, hydramine, 

 paramidophenol (which glare at us from Messrs. Lumiere's 

 catalogue), will soon be as familiar to the photographer's ear, 

 and we trust as facile to his jaw, as his old friend i)yTo. 

 Messrs. J;. Gaumout & Co., 25, Cecil Court, are sole agents for 

 Great Britain. , , . 



BOOKS RECEIVED. 



The 8lruct<trc uf the Brain. By Albert Wilson, M.D. (Elliot 

 Stock. ) Illustrated. 



F.xperiiiienlal Phi/sies. liy Eugene Eummel. Trauslateil from 

 the German, b.> G. W. Myers. (Kegan Paul.) Illustrated. 15s.net. 



A S^sfem of Ethiiv. I!y Fj'eidi-icii Paidscu. Edited and trans- 

 lated by Frank 1'liilh. (Kegan Paul.) ISs. net. 



. The Reliiiuarii and Illustrated ArvhaologisI , IS'JO. Edited by 

 J. Romilly AUeu, r.S.A. (Huiurosu.) 12s net. 



Netrtun's Lairs of Motion. By P. (t. Tait, .M.A. (Black.) Is. 6d. net. 



Practical Physiology. I3y JI. Foster and J. N. Lanelev. (Mac- 

 millau.) lUuetratcd. 7s. 6d. ' 



Art-Enamelling on Metals. By Henry Cunnyghame. (Constable.) 

 Plates. 6s. net. 



Li.iuefartion of Guses. By. Willett b. Hardin. (Maemillan.) 

 Ilhistrated. 6s. 



Chemist ry for Organized Science Schools. By S. Parrish and 

 D. I'orsyth. (Maemillun.) Illustrated. L's. 6d. 



Report and Transactions of the South-Easfern Union of IScientific 

 Societies, 1S90. (Taylor & Francis.) 2s. 



The Teaching of Geography in Switzerlaiul and North Ilalii. By 

 J. U. Reynolds, B. A. (Camb. Univ. Press.) Illustrated. 2s.'6d. 



Human Nature. Part II. By Physicist. (Churchill.) 2s. 6d. 



Sylvia in Floicerland. By Linda Gardiner. (Seeley.) Illus- 

 trated. 3s. 6d. 



7'he Standard Intermediate-School Bictionary. By James C. 

 Feruald. (Funk and Wagnalls Co.) 4s. 



Schilliug's S/ianish Grammar. Translated by F. Zagel. (Francis 

 Hodgson.) 



Introduction to Physical Chemistry. By James Walker. (Mao- 

 millau.) 10s. net. 



Catalogue of Optical and Scientifc Instructions, and Lantern 

 Slides. (Neivtou & Co.) 6d. 



Egyptian Magic. By E. WalUs Budge. (Keaan Paul.) Illus- 

 trated. 3s. 6d. ® ' 



Star-Land, ^ew Edition. By Sir Robert Ball. (Cassell.) 7s. 6d. 



By P. Anderson Graham. 



(Funk and Wagnalls Co.) 



A. Ewing, F.E.s. (Camb. 



Mr. Slackburne's Games at Chess. 

 (Longmans.) 73. 6d. net. 



The Student's Standard Dictiouari/. 

 Illustrated. 10s. 6d. 



The Strength of Materials. Bv J 

 Univ. Press.) 12s. 



Classified Catalogue of New Film. Subjects. (Wai'wick Trading Co.) 



Crystallography. By W. J. Lewis, Jl.A. (Camb. Univ. Press.) 

 Illustrated. 14s. net. 



The Wonders of Modern Mechanism. Third Edition. By Chas. H. 

 Cochrane. (Lippineott.) lUustrated. Bs. 



Handbuch der .istronomischen Instrumentenkunde. By Dr. L. 

 .\uibronu. Two vols. (Bcrliu : .Jidius Spi'inger.) 



Designing and I)rau-ing for Beginners. By Charles Godfrey 

 Leland, m.a. (Dawbarn & Ward.) 6d. 



The Studio. iVovember. Is, 







THE KARKINOKOSM, OR WORLD OF 

 CRUSTACEA.-XII. 



By the Rev. Thomas R. E. Stebbing, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s,, 

 F.Z.S., Author of " A Hutorij of Critstuceo," " The 

 Naturalist of Cumbrac," " Report on the Amphipoda 

 collected hij H.M.S, 'Challenger,' " etc. 



A BREATH OF WATER. 



NE must live," said the tramp. "No," replied 

 the cynical alderman, " I don't see the necessity." 

 But, at all events, in order to live, one must 

 breathe. This is indispensable alike to tramps 

 and aldermen and crabs, and to every item of the 

 animal world. Some minute organisms may be desiccated 

 by heat or frozen by liquid air into a state of suspended 

 animation, and a stuffed lion in a museum, or an embalmed 

 Pharaoh in a pyramid, may out of courtesy still be called 

 an animal, though each ceased to be one as soon as the 

 breath was out of its body. Breath being so essential, 

 respiration, like perspiration, all over the surface, wears 

 the aspect of ;iu advantage. It is, in fact, not to be 

 despised, and, such as it is, this advantage is enjoyed by 

 several animals, and among them by some of the crustacea. 

 But with increasing complications of structure and exis- 

 tence, more than one consideration comes into play, as the 

 greedy boy, who wished that he was all mouth, would 

 speedily have discovered. Nature, in her more elaborate 

 efforts, utilizes division of labour, and allots special organs 

 to special functions. Anyone who has used a hammer for 

 cracking open the claw of a crab, will understand how 

 unsuitable a surface for respiration would be afforded by 

 that stony water-tight integument. 



In bringing to perfection her wonderful karkinokosm. 

 Nature certainly did not begin by making crabs, but rather 

 in that line of business produced them as the crown of her 

 operations. To follow Nature, then, we must not begin 

 by investigating the breathing apparatus of a crab, but 

 follow down the line till we come to something simpler. 

 Pause, then, at the amphipods. Specimens can be had 

 without cost. Certain species have been already portrayed 

 in earlier chapters (III., IX., XL). An amphipod might 

 be familiarly described as a lobster in a short jacket. It 

 differs from the lobster in that its eyes are not movable on 

 jointed stalks. With its whole body so small and nimble, 

 separate ocular mobility could scarcely be needful to it. 

 Otherwise, in the general inventory of its kit, this little 

 campaigner agrees with the lordly lobster, thus : — Antennse, 

 two pairs ; one upper lip, one lower ; one pair of mandibles ; 

 maxillic, two pairs ; ma.xillipeds, three pairs ; and five 

 pairs of trunk legs. By all means catch a (fanimarus pidc.v 

 in the rivulet that runs through your park, or u Gammarits 

 locusta that slidders under weeds and stones on almost 

 any sea-shore, to see whether I have counted right. In 

 doing this you cannot fail to observe that in the Gammarus 



