90 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. 



cram, while the caudal vertebrae extend caudad of the last-named 

 bone. 



The first and second cervical vertebrae (Fig. 52), are also called, 

 respectively, atlas and axis. The former is expanded laterally in 

 wide transverse processes. The latter presents a Spina neuralis, 

 which is both long and high. 



The seventh cervical spine and the first five thoracic are hidden 

 in Fig. 30. The first nine or ten thoracic spines are directed more 

 or less decidedly caudad, but the last two or three, like the lum- 

 bar, are directed cephalad, while the tenth or eleventh has an inter- 

 mediate direction. The various processes become less and less dis- 

 tinct among the caudal vertebrae, and the caudal members of the 

 series are little more than subcylindrical segments of bone. 



Unlike most anatomists, Straus-Durckheim includes (B, I., 480, PI. xi., B, C), the 

 eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae with the lumbar series. 



209. Cost (Pig. 50). Each costa (rib) is seen to be con- 

 nected by its dorsal end with the thoracic region of the Columna 

 vertebralis, and at its ventral with a costicartilago. Part of the first 

 costicartilage appears in Fig. 30 just cephalad of the left shoulder 

 joint, but the second rib and its cartilage are wholly concealed by 

 the scapula and humerus. 



210. Sternum (Fig. 49). The sternum, or breast-bone, con- 

 sists of a series of eight or nine mesal segments called sternebrce. 

 The caudal piece is the xiphisternum or Ctl. ensiformis, and is 

 partly cartilaginous. The cephalic segment is the prcssternum or 

 manubrium, and the intervening six or seven sternebrse constitute 

 the mesosternum. 



211. Scapula shoulder blade (Fig. 43-45). The ectal as- 

 pect of this bone, as shown in Fig. 30 and 44, presents a ridge, 

 the mesoscapula, which has three prominences acromion, meta- 

 cromion, and tuberositas. 



212. Clavicula The clavicle or collar bone (Fig. 48). In 

 the cat these bones are small and imbedded in the muscles, with- 

 out direct attachment to other bones. They are shown in Fig. 30, 

 one on each side, between the shoulder joints. 



A. In the cat the scapula appears as a part of the arm. In -man, however, and in many 

 other vertebrates, the clavicles are larger and articulated with the scapulae and the 

 sternum. In most reptiles and birds, and in two Mammals (Echidna and Ornithorhynchus) 

 the scapula and the sternum are connected by a stout osseous bar the coracoid which is 

 represented in the cat as in man by merely a process the Prc. coracoideus ; Fig. 43, 45. 



